Third Reich (Drittes Reich) - the so-called informal German state from 1933 to 1945.Reich German word literally means "the land that are subject to the same power."But as a rule, it is translated as "power", "empire", less "kingdom."It all depends on the context.Next article will describe the rise and fall of the Third Reich, the achievements of the empire's foreign and domestic policies.
General
in historiography and the literature referred to as the Third Reich of Nazi or Nazi Germany.The first name is usually applied in the Soviet press.But this use of the term somewhat incorrect as the fascist regimes of Mussolini in Italy and Hitler had significant differences.Manifested differences in ideology and political system.At that time Germany was a country in which a totalitarian regime has been established.The one-party state and the dominant ideology - National Socialism.Control of the government spread to absolutely all areas of activity.Third Reich to support the authorities of the German National Socialist Workers' Party.Head of Education was Adolf Hitler.He also served as permanent head of state until his death (1945).Hitler's official title - "the Fuehrer and Reich Chancellor."Fall of the Third Reich was at the end of World War II.Shortly before that, in 1944, it was made an unsuccessful coup and assassination attempt on Hitler ("Conspiracy Generals").The Nazi movement was widespread.Of particular importance was the symbolism of fascism - the swastika.It was used almost anywhere, even issued coins of the Third Reich.
foreign policy from 1938 in this area noted a certain desire for political and territorial expansion.Marches of the Third Reich were held in different countries.In March, the above has been produced Anschluss (annexation by force) in Austria, and in the period from September 38th to March 39th were attached to the German state of Klaipeda region and the Czech Republic.Then, the country expanded even more.The 39th was joined by some Polish regions and Danzig, and in the 41 th there was the annexation (annexation) of Luxembourg.
World
It should be noted the unprecedented success of the German Empire in the early years of the war.Marches of the Third Reich went through most of continental Europe.Many were captured territory, except Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal and Spain.Some areas have been occupied, others were considered de facto dependent on the State Education.The latter, for example, include Croatia.At the same time there were exceptions - is Finland and Bulgaria.They were allies of Germany and carried out all the same independent policy.But by 1943 there has been a significant change in the hostilities.The superiority was now on the side of the anti-Hitler coalition.By January 45th the fighting were transferred to the pre-war German territory.Fall of the Third Reich, happened after the dissolution of the Flensburg government led by Karl Doenitz.It happened in 1945, on 23 May.
revival of the economy during the first years of Hitler's Germany has succeeded not only in foreign policy.We must say here that the Fuhrer achieve economic recovery and contributed to the state.The results of its operations evaluated a number of foreign analysts and in political circles as a miracle.Prevailed in postwar Germany until 1932, unemployment fell from six million to one incomplete to 1936 mu.In the same period there was an increase in industrial production (up 102%), and doubled revenue.Accelerate the pace of production.During the first year of the Nazi government in the management of the economy is largely determined by Hjalmar Schacht (Hitler himself almost did not interfere in its activities).The internal policy was aimed, first and foremost, for employment of the unemployed due to a sharp increase in public works, as well as stimulating the sphere of private enterprise.For unoccupied state loan provided for in the form of special bills.Significantly reduce the tax rate for the companies to expand capital investments and providing a steady increase in employment.
contribution Hjalmar Schacht
should be said that the country's economy since 1934 has taken the military option.According to many analysts, the true rebirth of Germany was based on rearmament.That it was aiming for a worker and business class in conjunction with the activities of the military.The war economy was organized in such a way as to operate in peacetime and during the fighting, but is focused on the war in general.The ability to engage in mine financial affairs have been directed to pay for preparatory activities, in particular re.One of his tricks was to print banknotes.Schacht had the ability to turn the various machinations cleverly enough currency.Foreign economists have even calculated that at that time the German mark had just 237 courses.Schacht concluded a very profitable barter transactions with other countries, showed a surprise to analysts, it must be said that the higher the duty was set, the wider you can expand the business.Schacht thus revived the economy from 1935 to 1938, used exclusively to finance the rearmament.It was estimated at 12 billion marks.
Control Hermann Goering
This figure took over part of the functions of mine and became a "dictator" of the German economy in 1936.Despite the fact that he was Goering, as, indeed, Hitler, an ignoramus in the economic sphere, the country has moved to a system of military-out of domestic politics.Four-year plan was developed, the aim of which was to turn Germany into a state that can independently provide for themselves everything necessary in the event of war and blockade.As a result of imports has been reduced to the minimum possible, and began strict control of prices and the size of the salary, dividends are limited to steel 6% per annum.We began to massively build Megastructures Third Reich.They were huge plants for the production of fabrics, synthetic rubber, fuel and other goods from its own raw materials.Also, the steel industry began to develop.In particular, the Third Reich were built Megastructures - Hering gigantic factories where production is used exclusively local ore.As a result, the German economy has been fully mobilized for the war effort.At the same industrialists, whose incomes have risen sharply, steel mechanism of this "war machine".Along with this work of mine has been shackled by huge restrictions and reporting.
Economy before the Second World
replaced Schacht in 1937 came Walther Funk.He served first as Minister of Economy, and then, two years later, in 1939, became president of the Reichsbank.According to experts, Germany's top World War II, as a whole, of course, "broke up" the economy.But it turned out that the conduct prolonged fighting the Third Reich was not ready.Supply of materials, raw materials has been limited, and the volume of the internal production was minimal.During the war years the situation with human resources was extremely tense, both in qualitative and quantitative sense.However, despite all the difficulties, due to the total control of the state apparatus and the German organization of the economy still stood on the desired track.Although there was a war, production in the country grew steadily.It increases with the passage of time and the amount of military industry.So, for example, in 1940 it amounted to 15% of gross production, and by 1944 th - already 50%.
development of scientific and technical base
The system of universities in Germany there was a giant scientific sector.To him belong the higher technical institutions and universities.This sector includes the research institute "Kaiser Wilhelm Society."Organizational all institutions are subordinated to the Ministry of Education, education and science.In this structure, which consisted of thousands of scientists, it had its own Research Council, whose members were representatives of different disciplines (medicine, foundry and mining, chemistry, physics, etc).Each of the scientists has been subordinated to a separate group of experts of one profile.Each member of the Council had to send scientific and research activity and planning of the group.At the same industrial sector it existed independent scientific research organization.Its significance became clear only after in 1945 the Allies in Germany was given the results of its activities itself.For this industrial sector organizations include major laboratory concerns "Siemens", "Zeiss", "Farben", "Telefunken", "Osram".These and other companies have tremendous means, equipment, meet the technical requirements of that time, highly qualified staff.These concerns could work with more than, for example, the institute laboratory performance.
Ministry Speer
In addition to research and industrial groups and various research laboratories in universities is quite large organization was the Research Institute of the armed forces.But, again, this sector has not been solid, and was split into several pieces scattered on certain types of troops.Of particular importance acquired during the war Speer Ministry.I must say that in this period significantly reduced the possibility of supply of laboratories and institutes of raw materials, equipment and personnel, the industry in the country barely cope with the large volume of orders from military control.Speer Ministry has been mandated to solve various production problems.For example, about what kind of research should be stopped as an unnecessary, which continue, as it has important strategic significance, which should be a research priority, plays a crucial role.
Military
Weapons of the Third Reich was made with the introduction of various scientific developments, specially created for the technology.Of course, the chosen course of the economy and the other could not be.Germany was not only to provide themselves with an industrial sense but also be equipped troops.Besides the usual, began to develop and "edged weapon" of the Third Reich.However, all projects have been frozen prior to the defeat of fascism.The results of many research works have served as the starting point for research activities of the anti-Hitler coalition.
Awards Third Reich
Before the Nazis came to power, there was a certain system, according to which the presentation of commemorative badges rulers of the land was carried out, that is the nature of the territorial bore.With the advent of Hitler had been a significant change in the process.So, before the Second World Fuehrer personally appointed and presented awards of the Third Reich of any kind.Later this right received different levels of commanders of troops.But there were some distinctions that, in addition to Hitler, could not give one (for example, Knight's Cross).
