Japan, a photo which will be presented below, is one of the developed countries of the world.The highest point of the territory is Mount Fuji.Japan - a country with a rich culture and history.In addition, this state, worshiped sacred traditions.It should be said that Japan was not always so.There were periods of economic decline.But despite all the difficulties, the government not only managed to overcome a crisis, but also to reach certain heights in different spheres of human activity.Proof of this is his position in the world.What is the history of Japan?How was the development of the state?What is the land of the rising sun today?It was later in the article.
General
Land of the Rising Sun is located in the archipelago, which consists of a huge number of islands.6852. Altogether there are some 97% of the territory occupied by the four largest islands of Shikoku, Kyushu, Hokkaido and Honshu.Most of the areas are mountainous, volcanic terrain.
Land of the Rising Sun - Japan - is the world's tenth largest population.On its territory is home to more than 127 million. People.Greater Tokyo - an area that includes, in fact, the state capital and a number of nearby prefectures - considered to be the world's largest agglomeration.It is home to more than thirty million people.
State has a high standard of living.The country is in tenth place on the index of human development.There is also high rates of life expectancy.In 2009, the year it stood at 82.12 years.In addition, there is the lowest rate of mortality in infancy.Japan - the only country in the world against which nuclear weapons were used.
standard of living
Today, Land of the Rising Sun (Japan) is in third place in the world by GDP, nominal and calculated parity of consumer power.The state is the fourth-largest exporter and its sixth importer.It is also located in the "Big Eight", regularly elected as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council.Despite the official denial of the right to declare war, Japan has a large and modern army.The armed forces protect the borders and participate in peacekeeping operations.
Name of State
Why Japan - Land of the Rising Sun?To answer this question, it refers to the origin of the name of the state.The word "Japan", as we call it, is an exonym and transferred from the German.Residents call their homeland as "Nihon" or "Nippon".Both the first and second embodiment is written using "kanji"."Nippon" - the name of a more formal.It is usually used on postage stamps, yen, in the names of any events of national importance.In everyday life is most often used "Nihon".
Themselves Japanese call "nihondzin" language spoken - "Nihongo".Officially, the government called "Nippon Coke" or "Nihon coca."The last option is literally translated as "the birthplace / source of the sun."The name first appeared in the correspondence between the Emperor and the representatives of the Sui (Chinese dynasty)."Nihon" is often translated as "Country vshodyaschego sun."Actively this name began to be used approximately Nara period.Until then, the government called the "Yamato".
History of Japan
first time the archipelago was settled around the 40th millennium BC.e.The ancient Japanese were engaged in gathering and hunting, we make tools roughing.At that time there was no ceramic products, in connection with which the period is also called the "period of preceramic culture."
After that time began "Jomon".It is for the States of the archaeological periodization of the Neolithic and Mesolithic.The characteristic feature of that time was the creation, in fact, most of the archipelago.During this period in daily use ceramic products began to appear.
Around 500 BC.e.time began "Yayoi".This period is characterized by the appearance of irrigated rice cultivation, the loom and the potter's wheel, the beginning of processing of metals (iron, bronze, copper), the construction of defensive settlements.All these innovations have appeared thanks to visitors from Korea and China.For the first time, "Land of the Rising Sun" is mentioned in a chronicle of the Chinese - "Hanshu."More "land Wa" (the so-called Chinese archipelago) is described in the "History of the Three Kingdoms".According to reports, the most powerful in the third century, the Principality yamantau.It is headed by the ruler Himiko.
State and political system
Land of the Rising Sun - Japan - is a constitutional parliamentary monarchy.According to the Basic Law of the State from 1947, the Emperor is a "symbol of the unity of the people and state."All decisions and appointments are accepted and implemented by it in accordance with the representation of the Cabinet.Emperor in diplomatic meetings, serves as head of state.Board since 1989, the year in the hands of Akihito.
as the highest organ of state power and a single legislative framework serves parliament.It comprises two chambers: the representatives and advisers.Last updated every 3 years by 50%.In the House of Representatives of 480 deputies present.They are elected for 4 years.House of Councillors consists of 242 deputies elected for 6 years.Under the Constitution, Parliament is endowed with absolute legislative power and has the exclusive right to manage finances.
All residents who have reached twenty years, may participate in the elections.The election of deputies to the Chamber is carried out by secret ballot.In Japan, the two major parties.In 2009, the Democratic Party of Social-Liberals in the Parliament changed the liberal-democratic conservative association, the right 54 years old, won the majority of votes.
Japanese culture
Since the end of the first millennium AD became actively develop literature.The first texts date from the Japanese national anthem 9-10 th centuries.Also preserved some monuments of architecture and painting of the early second millennium.During the development of a culture of Japan a great influence on her was China, and then to Western Europe.
traditional folk epic was rich variety of stories about monsters, ghosts, strange creatures.The most popular were "Ecay."Each of these characters have unique goals and characteristics that have been associated with their death.In the process of development of the society, many images were "brought up to date."In Japan, there is a fairly popular legend.Legend of Toilet Hanako is a modern version of the myth "yūrei."During the survey of the population of modern Japan was able to collect more than a hundred different stories about monsters.Common to all "yūrei 'features were different deformities.For example, hidden behind hair mouth, the lack of the lower half of the body, like a severed Reiko Qasim to move now on the elbows and the oblique chopping people.
arts
Art of Japan - is primarily a gorgeous paintings made on paper, painting the walls of palaces, fabrics, screens, fans and theatrical masks.The early works include illustrations of tales, fairy tales, stories.They date back to 8-12 centuries.The ancient art of Japan - is first and foremost a tribute to the beautiful, natural, natural.In the 14th century landscape painting penetrated technique of painting with ink.Japanese artists have achieved a truly unprecedented level of his skill.With black, they created real masterpieces and passed the riot of colors of nature.One of these artists is Sasso.His works look very lively and natural.In the paintings and the mood perfectly transferred to the artist.
painting on the walls
its peak this art form reached to the 12-13 th centuries.At that time the walls were covered with majestic palaces, colorful paintings.As a rule, they illustrate scenes of lyrical characters, popular at the time.Thanks murals palaces in Japanese art became such a technique as a woodcut - woodcuts.These masterpieces created not only artists, but also the master, cut specific printed boards and printmaker who worked on the prints.
From the 13th century the production of icons and amulets.But it must be said that as an independent art form recognized only block printing in the 17th century.Up until the 18th century prints were black and white.In the 17-19 th centuries it was formed a new style of woodcuts - "Ukiyo-e".Translate this name can be as "illustration of a floating world."This type of engraving is considered one of the areas of "Edo" - art, the main theme of which was festive and everyday life of citizens.
great masters of Japanese prints
was glorified a number of artists.Among them in the first place should be allocated Tosyusyaya Sharaku.Engravings master illustrated kabuki actors, vividly describing and somewhat exaggerating the traits of each of them.Another author - Utamaro - in his works portrayed beautiful women.Hokusai created the "36 Views of Mount Fuji".
should say here that the use of color in woodcuts come from China.First, the master used a limited number of colors.By the 18th centenary technique of color took the leading place in woodcuts.At that time, art was mostly focused on such genres as "yakusya-e" and "bidzinga."The main theme of the last steel charmer who lived in the "green blocks" (pleasure houses).
It should be noted that the color of the prints was not only artistic, but also informative tool.Plots illustrated city dwellers new fashion trends, with different directions of the capital, activities of craftsmen and merchants and their families.Artworks style 'yakusya-e "can be attributed to the advertising stream.They were very similar to the posters and portrayed the actors who played the famous theaters and were favorites of the public.
Science
Land of the Rising Sun - Japan - is considered one of the leaders in the field of science, robotics, biomedicine.In various research works involved about 700 thousand specialists.Japan is in third place on the funds that are spent on the development of science.The use and production of robots state leader.The basic science Japan also occupies a leading position.In the state of 13 academics are Nobel laureates in medicine, chemistry and physics.The country itself is used more than half of developed and issued by robots.
Space Exploration
Aviation, planetary and space exploration provides space agency.His staff are also involved in the design of satellites and rockets.The Agency has the opportunity to carry out the launch of satellites into Earth orbit, such as the automatic interplanetary stations.In addition, the research complex is actively participating in international space programs.So, in 2010, the satellite was launched to study the planet Venus.In addition, the active preparations for the study of Mercury, scheduled for 2030, the construction of the base on the Moon.Japan is seen holding a large-scale work on the study of space.In 2007, he launched the 2nd artificial satellite.His work is aimed at gathering information on the origin and development of the Moon.
