When the young Max Planck told his teacher that he wanted to continue to engage in theoretical physics, he smiled and assured him that just there the scientists have nothing to do - there were only "clean up the rough."Alas!Through the efforts of Planck, Niels Bohr, Einstein, Schrödinger and others. Everything is upside down, and so thoroughly that ago do not come back, and ahead of road.Further - more, amid the general chaos theory suddenly appears, for example, the Heisenberg uncertainty.As they say, that's just not enough.At the turn of 19-20 centuries, scientists have opened the door to the unknown area of elementary particles, and there is the usual Newtonian mechanics failed.
It would seem that "before" all is well - that the physical body, so its coordinates.In "normal physics," you can always take an arrow and accurately "poke" in its "normal" subject, even moving.Slip theoretically excluded - Newton's laws do not make mistakes.But the object of study is becoming smaller - grain, molecule, atom.First fade exact contours of the object, and then in its description appear probabilistic estimates of average rates for the gas molecules, and finally the coordinates of the molecule becomes "average", but the gas molecule can say is either here, or there, but most likelysomewhere in this area.It will take time and will solve the problem of the Heisenberg uncertainty, but that then, as now ... Try to get a "theoretical boom" in the object, if it is "in the most likely origin."Beginner?And what kind of object, what his size, shape?There were more questions than answers.
And what about the atom?Well now known planetary model was proposed in 1911 and immediately caused a lot of questions.Chief among them: how to hold a negative electron orbit and why it does not fall on the positive nucleus?As they say - good question.It should be noted that all the theoretical calculations at that time were made on the basis of classical mechanics - Heisenberg's uncertainty has not yet won an honorable place in the theory of the atom.This fact does not allow scientists to understand the essence of the mechanics of the atom."Spas" Niels Bohr atom - it gave him stability to the assumption that the electron has orbital levels being where it does not radiate energy, ieand not lose it does not fall into the nucleus.
study the issue of continuity of the energy states of the atom has already given impetus to the development of a completely new physics - quantum, initiated by Max Planck in 1900.He discovered the phenomenon of quantization of energy, and Niels Bohr found a use for it.However, later it turned out that describe the model of the atom by classical mechanics friendly to us macrocosm completely inappropriate.Even time and space in a quantum world takes on a whole different meaning.By this time the attempt of theoretical physicists give a mathematical model of the planetary atom, and multi-story ended inconclusive equations.The problem was solved by using the Heisenberg uncertainty relation.It's surprisingly modest mathematical expression relates the uncertainty of spatial coordinates Δx and Δv speed particles with mass m, and the Planck constant h :.
Δx * Δv & gt;h / m
This implies a fundamental difference of micro- and macrocosm: the coordinates and velocities of the particles in the microcosm are not defined in a particular form - they have a probabilistic nature.On the other hand, the principle of Heisenberg in the right-hand side contains a very concrete positive value, which implies that excludes the value zero at least one of uncertainty.In practice, this means that the speed and position of the particles in the subatomic world is always determined with an error, and it is never zero.In exactly the same perspective, the Heisenberg uncertainty connects the other pair of linked characteristics, such as the uncertainty of energy? E and the time Δt:
ΔEΔt & gt;h
essence of this expression is that it is impossible to simultaneously measure the energy of an atomic particle and the time at which she possesses it, without the uncertainty of its value since the energy measurement takes some time, during which the energy is randomly changed.
