With Greek Sevastopol means "famous city".This area mastered many centuries ago.So, even five hundred years before the onset of a new era there was a greek - famous city of Hersonissos.The choice of this place was due to the following factors: on the Black Sea coast not find a more convenient bay.
further development
twelve hundred BC was marked by the entry into the Chersonese Pontus-Bosporus state, and then it became part of the great empires - Roman.After the fall of the latter city was under the wing of the Byzantine Empire.Soon it became Hersonissos be a control center Byzantine colonies on the Black Sea coast.It rapidly developing trade and industry.Russian princes first heard of Hersonissos, back when it was called Korsun (IX-XIII cc.).
In the fourteenth-fifteenth centuries the history of Sevastopol entered a new stage: the city was conquered by the Turks, and lost its importance, because it was simply not interested in the new rulers.Port cities were no longer administrative centers, and their places were taken by the settlements in the center of the peninsula.So, Bakhchisarai received the status of capital of the khans, of particular importance were the Ak-mosque (from 1748 in Simferopol) and Karasubazar.All of them were far from the sea.
All changes
Subsequently, Crimea became part of the Russian Empire.In 1783 Catherine II ordered the construction of the city on the site of Ahtiar village, located near the ruins of Korsun (Chersonesos).
Why the special status of Sevastopol?The fact is that since its inception, he played the role of the Black Sea Fleet base in all.The city has always had a great military and political significance.
Four years after the establishment of the status of Sevastopol finally entrenched: the city has become be a naval port, it was transferred to civil administration authorities Crimea.Thus, in 1767, there was a department of the city of Taurian area and his reckoning to naval ports of national importance.The history of Sevastopol has a new fact: he moved to the complete subordination of St. Petersburg and became a separate administrative district.The city is ruled naval administration.Naturally, it was administered from St. Petersburg.
Twenty-third in February 1804, Emperor Alexander I issued a decree, which fixed the special status of Sevastopol as the main naval port.This simple merchant ships were forbidden to enter it.The only exception is in distress court.After the fix they were required to immediately leave the port.
thirtieth of April 1809 has been extended status of the city.Sevastopol became also the main stronghold of the Black Sea.Since then, it raised the flag of the same land as Vyborg, Kronstadt and Sveaborg.
barbaric destruction
In 1853 broke the Crimean War.Enemies precipitated Sevastopol - the city of sailors - over three hundred and forty nine days.As a result, it turned into ruins, and with it - and the Black Sea fleet (it was sunk in the raid on the orders of Admiral Nakhimov).In 1856, the Crimean War came to an end.Peace of Paris was signed.According to this document, Russia once again forbidden to organize fleet in Sevastopol.Until 1871, he was a commercial city and the customs station.After the cancellation of the aforementioned global contract Alexander II restored the status of Sevastopol as the central naval port of the Empire on the Black Sea.1875 was marked by the construction of railway routes connecting Sevastopol from St. Petersburg and Moscow.In 1891, construction was completed Vladimir Church, and a year later came the discovery of Chersonesos museum.So, by 1894, the city regained its status completely.The naval base in Sevastopol regained its former importance.Stocks admiralty not empty: there was construction of warships of different classes (even battleships).
Insignia
noteworthy that Sevastopol was approved by a special emblem.Its principal distinguishing feature was an obvious national importance.None of the city, provincial or regional emblem could not boast.So, it was a shield of red color (as in the capital), behind it - two crossed anchors gold color (like all great port cities, for example, St. Petersburg).As the emblem was chosen griffin - like the House of Romanov, but not red on a silver field, but on the contrary, that it symbolized a historical rather than a generic, biological or dynastic succession.It is a confirmation of the military-historical position of the city.
So why the special status of Sevastopol, even despite the fact that he was considered a stronghold of the third class?After all, he simply did not have sufficient defenses to increase your level!Although not rich fortification and technical equipment for the Russian Sevastopol (area of the city - nineteen thousand hectares) has always been very important.All is simple: it is the only large-scale fortification throughout the southern maritime borders of the state.
new direction
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, more and more travelers began to wonder the Black Sea.Sevastopol began to develop as a resort.Built numerous hotels, guest houses.In 1914, the opening of the Romanovsky Institute of physical methods of treatment.Specialists was actively explored the impact of the Crimean air, mud baths and sea on human health.On the Biological Station thoroughly studied the fauna and flora of the Black Sea.Later, the institution was transformed into a major research center.At its base was open saltwater fish aquarium.For Russia, it was a novelty.
revolutionary spirit
Sevastopol has not remained aloof from the events of the first Russian revolution.As you know, over the battleship "Potemkin" in June 1905 proudly hoisted the red flag, and in November of this year on ships belonging to the Black Sea Fleet, the uprising led by Lieutenant Schmidt.Soon after the rebellion was suppressed, and its instigators expected to be shot.
Wartime
Russia's entry into the First World War took place in 1914.In late October, the German cruiser "Goeben" bombarded Sevastopol.Enemy attacks were repulsed cruiser "George" and shore batteries.Russian fleet, courageously overcoming difficulties, has achieved success in the battle on the waters of the Black Sea.
the result of careful mining Bosphorus Strait enemy lost one minelayer, one hundred and twenty motor and sailing schooners, as well as eleven transports.The above-mentioned battleship "Goeben" was blown up by mines thirteenth December 1914.Total
during World thanks to the efforts of the Black Sea Fleet was destroyed by Turkish ships to fifty and three hundred other ships.In 1915, it was supplemented by two battleships, five squadrons of destroyers, six submarines and air transport with two on board seaplanes.
huge role in the success of the Russian Navy Admiral Kolchak is given.He took command of the fleet in 1916.Admiral has developed a plan to seize the Bosporus and Istanbul attacks, but his ideas did not produce a revolution in 1917.
status of Sevastopol in the USSR
Remnants of the White Army were evacuated from the city in November 1920.He took command of General Wrangel process.Together with the troops left Sevastopol and the Black Sea Fleet ships last.From this moment begins the Soviet history of the city.At the same time revived the Red Fleet.Again it became operational Sevastopol Marine Plant.He carried out orders for repair and construction of ships.Create more modern ships, intensified defense of the city from the shore, built airfields and shore batteries.
status of Sevastopol in the USSR recovered.The city again became the most important naval center, it is actively being rebuilt after the devastation of combat.In 1926 he opened an art museum and the Drama Theatre.In the vicinity of the city formed wine farms.At that time the city was inhabited by about one hundred thousand people (if we assume, together with the sailors).
And war again ...
already established the peaceful life of the city was interrupted by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.Twenty-second in June 1941 residents of Sevastopol saw four enemy aircraft, flying in a turbulent sky.It began in the morning at 3.15 with the fifteen minute intervals.Each aircraft had two bottom magnetic mines to block the exit from the city harbor.The forces of the Black Sea Fleet said the enemy artillery fire.An hour earlier the People's Commissar of the Navy Black Sea Fleet Kuznetsov gave orders to declare operational readiness number one.As a result of his foresight of the enemy's plan to fully mined out of the bay and the destruction of blocked vessels was foiled.Only three of the eight mines dropped fell on the fairway.
German command decided to attack again Sevastopol.City map suggests that this can be done even from the shore.Nazi troops managed to break through to the Crimea in September forty-one.October 29 the city was under siege, and the next day German troops tried to seize it.First I met the enemy fifty-fourth battery Black Sea Fleet.She struck the eleventh motorized column commanded by General Manstein.Almost simultaneously joined forces Marines urgently formed of sailors from ships and cadets Naval Academy.It began a truly heroic defense of the city.It lasted two hundred and fifty days.Soviet troops withstood the pressure of the enemy, and have not conceded their land.
After this failure, the German command undertook three more attempts to take the city: November 11 and 17 December forty-one and forty-two June 7th year.
Shasenem - French historian - has calculated that over the past twenty-five days of the 250-day siege by the Germans at Sevastopol were dropped bombs as much as Britain to Germany two years of hostilities.
After the defeat of the Crimean front Nazis could cut all the waterways posts Caucasus and Sevastopol.Thus, the besieged city was left without food.The battles for Sevastopol were before the Fourth of July, and in some areas - to the twelfth, to the point, like Soviet soldiers did not come to an end ammunition.About seventy thousand officers, soldiers and sailors were captured because they could not evacuate.
Sevastopol defense had undeniable political and military importance during the Great Patriotic War.What has been done heroic fighters?They blocked a large number of Romanian and German troops, upsetting the plans of the fascist command.The infamous "spring offensive" was thwarted by the Germans, including thanks to the courage of Sevastopol.Their iron shutter caused by the fact that the Germans suffered impressive human and material losses (eight months of siege was destroyed four enemy tanks, nine aircraft, a lot of combat guns, three hundred thousand soldiers were wounded or killed).In addition, enemies defeated in the pace and time.
In April, forty-four began the process of liberation of Sevastopol.April Fifteenth advanced part of the 4th Ukrainian Front managed to get to the defensive line of the city.Sapun Mountain, which became a place of key position of German defense, was taken in May by soldiers of the Maritime seventh and 51th armies.Ninth May 1944 was finally released on the city.At Cape Khersones Soviet soldiers captured the remnants of the Nazi troops.
Since May 1965 Sevastopol - Hero City.History has shown that it is not for nothing has the status of most important fortification facility of the country.
Recovery
war ended, but it was not all tests are passed through the city's population.Sevastopol was to be restored.This required thousands of workers.During the fighting was almost completely destroyed Sevastopol.Photos city at that time evoke the horror: the most beautiful place in ruins.Experts estimate that the damage caused by the Nazis, was two and a half billion rubles!The city is completely lost communications, transport, communications.Furthermore, it was destroyed and ninety per cent of housing estates.It was painful to look at Sevastopol.Photos of the city will forever remain bleak monument to the brutality of war.
After the victory over the enemy began no less difficult phase of recovery.The city at that time survived only three thousand civilians.Above it was discussed why the special status of Sevastopol.Given this information, it becomes clear decision of the Soviet government to rebuild the city of the first.
In the late fifties started work on building a nuclear missile navy.New developments in the field of missile tested in the Black Sea.Since then, the Black Sea Fleet and cooperating association USSR Armed Forces to successfully confront any aggressor, and not only from the Turkish coast, but also in the Middle East and in the Mediterranean Sea.
Why the special status of Sevastopol?After the war, the city became more and the largest industrial center.So, it is actively developing the fishing and fish-processing industry.On the basis of instrument-making factory "Monsoon" produces a wide range of radios and navigation devices.Experts marine plant built and repaired civilian and military ships.
General
Twin Cities Sevastopol - Kronstadt, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Moscow, Kerch, Istanbul and Minsk.This list is updated from time to time.Every year is celebrated on the fourteenth day of June of the city.Sevastopol is filled with music, various festivals, exhibitions and concerts.Ceremonies are held for two weeks.
City has devoted his creation the famous singer Alexander Marshal."Great Russian city of Sevastopol '- the song is an unofficial anthem.It can often be heard on the City Day celebrations.
Sevastopol - closed city from 1939 to 1959-th year.For twenty years, at the entrance from the Yalta and Simferopol operated special commandant's service positions.
In August 1991, the Crimea and Sevastopol (city of sailors) departed to the newly proclaimed independent republic - Ukraine.The Russian fleet had the opportunity to stay in the city only on loan to the naval base.
in March 2014 was proclaimed the independent Republic of Crimea, the special status of Sevastopol in that trap.This was made possible thanks to the national referendum held the previous day.After an appeal to the Russian members of the Crimean parliament has prepared a draft intergovernmental agreement on the accession of the Republic of Crimea in the Russian Federation.The twenty-first of March, the document was ratified by the President of the Russian Federation.
As you can see, even a brief history of Sevastopol to evaluate the historical significance of the city.
