title "Pope" (papa - lat.) Has Greek roots.It seems that, contrary to popular belief, he did not come from pappas - "father" (Gk.), And from the papas - "mentor" (Gk.).At first they called all the bishops, but later the name was assigned to the Bishop of Rome as successor of St. Peter - according to legend, the first bishop of Rome.The word "Pope" is not an official title of the head of the Roman Catholic Church.His major titles - Episcopus Romanus and Pontivex Maximus, which means "chief priest."This second title was inherited from the pre-Christian Rome.Gregory I the Great called himself "Servus Servorum Dei" - "servant of the servants of God."This name is also included in the papal titulature.
Gregory belonged to a noble and wealthy Roman family.In his role as prefect of Rome, he gained administrative and diplomatic experience.But the disaster caused by the invasion of the Lombards, revolutionized his outlook.Having given his fortune in the construction of monasteries, he began to lead a life of hermit and ascetic.But after a while Pope Pelagius II appointed him as his representative at the Constantinople court.In 590, after the death of Pelagius Gregory was elevated to the papacy.He not only arranged the church administration, but actually stood at the head of the Roman area, organizing the defense, food supply, assistance to refugees, etc.The successful implementation of government functions Gregory I displeasure Byzantine emperor who accused the Pope of abuse of power, however, provided him the respect of the clergy, the people and even the Lombards, who started his influence to move to Catholicism.
Gregory set a precedent theocratic state in Italy, will be developed during the formation of the so-called Papal States.
the middle of the VIII century.Lombards invaded almost all Italian possessions of Byzantium.In 752, they captured the Exarchate of Ravenna, ending the Byzantine Governor-General in Italy.The next step was to be the capture of Rome.Not relying on the emperor of Constantinople, absorbed by internal unrest, Pope Stephen II appealed to the plea for help from the Frankish king.King Pepin Caroling was grateful for the help dads to overthrow the previous Merovingian dynasty and the church requires further legitimization of their power.After two military campaigns in Italy, he is the King of the Lombards forced to clean the area from Rome to Ravenna, inclusive.Not wanting to restore Byzantine governorship, as urged by Constantinople government, and not being able to come to grips with Italian affairs, Pepin gave the former Exarchate of Ravenna under the control of the papal administration.
Details of the agreement are uncertain as related documents disappeared.But the future pope arbitrarily interpreted it as a deed of gift - "the gift of Pepin."After a while, the dubious "Pepin gift" turned into a "Donation of Constantine" ("Donatio Constantini") - one of the largest historical forgeries.The papal Chancery had fabricated an act drawn up on behalf of the Emperor Constantine the Great ("Constitutum Constantini").According to this act of Constantine, supposedly cured of leprosy prayers of the Roman bishop Sylvester granted the latter primacy over other bishops and gave him and his successors, supreme power over Rome, Italy and the whole of the Western Roman Empire.Emperor himself, not to share power with the Pope, went to Constantinople.For this version of Pippin just returned to the papacy that was to belong to him with the IV.
unlikely that the pope dared to present this fake Pepin and the more powerful his successor.She became widely known only in the second half of the IX.when Pope Nicholas I, in the future more than once used the papacy to justify the exorbitant claims to secular power.The fact of forgery "Conatitutum Constantini" was proved in 1440, but only in the XIX century.Catholic Church renounced this act.
Pepin founded the second dynasty of Frankish kings was named in honor of the Carolingian his father - the mayor of the palace of Charles.Germanic "ING" corresponds to the Russian "ovich".Carolingians - means Karlovic, the descendants of Charles Martel.The most significant representative of this dynasty was the son of Pepin Charles, went down in history as Charlemagne.
This statesman extraordinary strength and talent has taken the most successful attempt to "upgrade the power of the Roman Empire of the German weapons."Inherited his father's extensive Frankish kingdom and successfully expanding it to the east, north and south, Karl became the end of the VIII.lord of almost all of continental Western Europe.During his reign the Frankish state stretched from the Pyrenees to the English Channel and the Mediterranean Sea to the Baltic.These lands are located now France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Western and Southern Germany, Austria, northeastern Spain and most of Italy.
Continuing the policy of his father, Karl repeatedly interfered in Italian affairs.In 772, he resumed the Franco-Lombard war.The pretext for the invasion of Italy became the next pope requested military assistance.In response to a papal blessing and wishes for a speedy conquest of the Lombards, Karl said that he wants "to win, not to conquer.""I am, - he said - will be called the king of the Franks and Lombards, so as not to offend the people who hope to win."In the middle of 774, the Lombard king Desiderius conceded defeat.Defeated was imprisoned in a monastery, and was crowned the winner of its crown.
Established Karl Power was perceived by contemporaries as a successor of the Western Roman Empire.He actually had the imperial power, and could legitimately claim the title of Emperor.
the autumn of 800, Charles went back to Italy, where the Roman nobility conspired against Pope Leo III.He spent nearly six months in Rome, going through strife between the pope and his opponents.December 25 the first day of Christmas, he listened to the Mass in St. Peter's Basilica.Dad went to the kneeling Charles and put on his head a golden imperial crown.This was followed by the so-called acclamation: present in the Cathedral of representatives Franks, Romans and Saxons, Bavarians and other subject peoples thrice exclaimed: "Long live the wins and Carl August, crowned by God the great and mirotvoryaschy Roman Emperor."Acclamation was supposed to symbolize the people's support of the supreme ruler.
Karl took imperial regalia.But later, according to his biographer Einhard and advisor, he expressed displeasure "unauthorized" acts of Leo III and said that, know about the intentions of the pope, he would have that day did not go to church, regardless of Christmas.This evidence Einhard puzzling historians because, as subsequent events showed, Carl really appreciated his new title.
It is possible that Charles is not entirely staged procedure enthronement, willfully revamped Leo III, placed the crown to the acclamation, symbolizing the people's will and is considered a constitutive act of the election of the emperor.There was a precedent: the adoption of the imperial title was dependent on an act of the coronation of Pope.Subsequently, Karl tried to break an undesirable precedent.In 813, at crowning his son Louis as his co-ruler and heir, he dispensed with the participation of the Pope.By order of Charles the young monarch himself assumed the crown under the acclamation of those present and was declared emperor and Augustus.Nevertheless, further ambitious pope argued that Charlemagne was only a king, until Leo III did put on him the imperial crown.In response, the ideologues of the imperial authorities have stated that the credit rebuilding Western Empire belonged exclusively to Charles, and the role of the pope was to the formal ceremony.
adoption Carl imperial title complicate relations with Byzantium, still considers himself the sole heir of the Roman Empire.The Byzantines believed and called themselves Romans (in Greek - Romeo), and its emperors - Roman (romeyskoy).The appearance of a second imperial power, claimed the Roman heritage, was taken to Constantinople as a usurpation.
Charles and his advisers were again used for both "Roman" Empire Names: Eastern and Western.But at the same time they sought the possibility of restoring the integrity of the powers of the Roman military or diplomatic means.Make plans for marriage of Charles with the Byzantine ruler Irene that in this way "to connect the East and West" and recover under the scepter of unity orbis romanus ("Roman Peace").For a discussion of the project in Constantinople arrived Frankish ambassadors.But 802 of October 21 there was a coup, deprived Irina power.See the Eastern Roman Empire took the nobility protege Nikephoros I (802 - 811), to ignore the Frankish "impostor."Only in the next 812 Basileus Michael I was forced to recognize the restoration of the Western Empire and the imperial title of Charlemagne.
Recovery (restauratio) and renewal (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Karl felt his historic mission.Like the Roman emperors he wanted to tie him to the territory subordinated to roads, canals and bridges, as well as a uniform system of weights and measures, quality single currency.The coins of the time of Charles the image in a Roman toga and a laurel wreath surrounded by the inscription "inp aug" ("Augustus").Influence of "western emperor" has gone beyond its powers.To listen to him in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, in Scotland, in the Irish tribal principalities.
lot of concerns brought Karl unification of management and implementation of the rule of law began in the multinational empire.Included in it "barbaric" peoples was ordered to prepare a compendium of its customs, with the hope of their subsequent synthesis both among themselves and with the Roman law.Carl himself paid great attention to legislative activities.After the imperial coronation he published 47 deployed chapter house, quickly spread throughout the state.
Age of Charlemagne called "Carolingian Renaissance".He not only revived the Roman imperial state, but also the ancient culture on the basis of a new Christian, hoping to stop the decay and decline.Back in 789, his chapter house "Admonitio generalis" subjects inspired the idea of the need of education.Emperor facilitated the organization of primary and secondary schools, the collection and restoration of ancient manuscripts, creation of libraries, improving the "Book Art".
At the heart of the empire of Charlemagne was the idea of the unity of Western Europe.His strength, energy and charisma, his "magnanimitas" provided him the support of his contemporaries and faithful vassals.It was hoped that Italy and Gaul will be able to cancel the effect of the barbarian invasions, the original inhabitants mingle with the Germans and, together recreate a united Western Empire.
Carl died January 28 814 Body "great emperor who expanded the Frankish kingdom and for years happily XLVII rules them" was buried in the chapel of Aachen Cathedral.Shortly after his death, decomposition (degradation) created their state system.The son and heir of Charles Louis, went down in history with the wrong name for the emperor, "the Pious", with great difficulty kept the integrity of the empire.In 817, he published a chapter house "On the order of the empire" ("Ordinatio imperii"), which declared his eldest son Lothair "co-regent and assistant in the affairs of the empire."Later in his hands he was to focus the imperial power.Younger sons, although endowed with vast land, had to submit to Lothar militarily and politically.However, "Ordinatio imperii" had not been implemented.After the death of Louis, his sons Lothair, Louis and Charles, unable to share power, divided the power of his great grandfather, and thus Western Europe.
Was this inevitable course of events?It seems that the answer is ambiguous.Carl recreate the empire was built on Roman foundations ready historic statehood.Romance and Germanic peoples have already demonstrated the feasibility of mutual assimilation.Save and restore the remains of the Roman infrastructure, developing market linkages and the overall financial system.Under favorable conditions, the Western Empire could withstand the centrifugal tendencies and strengthen the centripetal.But the incompetence and irresponsibility of the political heirs of Charles opened the way orgy decentralization.Bright emotional assessment event occurs theologian gave Flor in Lyons' complaints about the section of the Empire. "Empire, which "shone in the eyes of the world, - he wrote - is now torn to shreds. The state has recently united, divided into three parts ... Instead of the Sovereign - a paltry" kinglets, "instead of Powers - pieces. The common good has ceased to exist... all absorbed in their own interests: think about anything but God forgot. "
Treaty of Verdun brought Western Europe disintegration, economic collapse, endless conflicts, blood and plunge into chaos.In circumstances where a transport goods from point A to point B was a real feat, eager market linkages, was the naturalization services.
Until the XIX century.partition of Charlemagne's empire was regarded historical science unambiguously negative.However, the French historians F. Guizot, A. Thierry and revised estimate of the Treaty of Verdun, who discovered, in their opinion, the way the construction of nation-states, primarily, of course, France.They do not take into account the price, which paid for the split in the united nations of Western Europe and Karl what, I might add, still had to pay.
members Verdun agreements were far from strategic considerations guided by short-term benefits.They do not represent the specifics to be divided the territory that later gave rise to many conflicts.None of the newly States population has not been a single nation.
younger grandson of Charlemagne, which entered the history as Charles the Bald, was romanized the territory west of the Rhine.Middle grandson - Louis got a purely German area east of the Rhine and a small area of the left bank of the middle reaches of the Rhine, providing "for wine" produced in the south German vineyards.Finally, the older brother - Lothair received Italy and the "median" of the Frankish lands located between the kingdoms of the brothers, and soon became a bone of contention.Louis and Carl Lothar refused to recognize the imperial authority, but left his imperial title, devoid of real content.
Subsequent events showed that not everyone can successfully govern.Participants Verdun agreement very soon had to pay the bills.Their possessions were attacked from the south of the Arabs (Saracens), from the east - the Hungarians from the north - the Scandinavian Vikings.
Charlemagne gave priority attention to the protection of borders, building line of border fortifications.In the north, it was established Danish brand, to cover Saxony, the east - the March of Pannonia, the core of the future of Austria, etc.Actively build the fleet and port facilities.
However, his successors, instead of strengthening the fleet and fortresses are mired in internecine conflicts.Shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Verdun in 846, at the detachment Saracens landed with pirate vessels attacked by Romans and destroyed part of the city.North division of the empire became an easy target for the Normans.In 845 of their ships, up the Elbe, came to Hamburg.The city was nearly destroyed, a lot of the residents were killed.Another Norman fleet reached the Seine to Paris and, unopposed, plundered it.In the 50-ies.zapadnofranksky King Charles the Bald entrusted the defense of his colleague Norman raids Robert Strong, giving him the title of Count of Paris.Later, in 987, the great-grandson of Robert Hugh Capet becomes the founder of the French royal dynasty Capetians.
not calmed down after the Treaty of Verdun, the grandchildren of Charlemagne has repeatedly attempted to seize possession of each other.So, in 858 German Ludwig tried to take the throne of Charles the Bald.In turn, Charles the Bald tried to seize the land of his nephews - the sons of the Emperor Lothair I, who died in 855. In 869, he took Lorraine, but had to share it with Louis the German.In 875, after the suppression of the dynasty Lothar Karl immediately went to Italy for the imperial crown, ignoring the rights of his older brother Ludwig.
Pope John VIII proclaimed Emperor Karl, hoping to get protection from the Arab threat.In 876, after the death of Ludwig the German, Carl, trying to reunite in their hands all the "Roman and Frankish Empire", invaded Germany, but was defeated by his sons Ludwig.
