Mikhail Fedorovich became the first Russian tsar of the Romanov dynasty.At the end of February 1613 he was selected to the ruler of the kingdom to the Russian Zemsky Sobor.He became king of descent is not heritage, not by the seizure of power, and not of his own volition.Mikhail Fedorovich was chosen by God and the people, and at that time he was only 16 years old.His reign had a very difficult time.Mikhail Fedorovich as fate had to deal with serious economic and political problems: the country out of chaos in which it was after the Troubles, to raise and strengthen the economy, to keep the territory of the Fatherland, torn to pieces.And the main thing - to hold and fix the house of Romanov on the Russian throne.
Romanov dynasty.Mikhail Romanov
The Romanov family have Boyar Fyodor Nikitich, who later became Patriarch Filaret, and Xenia Ivanovna (Shestova), July 12, 1596 had a son.They named him Michael.The Romanov family was related to the dynasty of Rurik, and was very famous and rich.This boyar families owned vast estates, not only in northern and central Russia, but also on the Don and in the Ukraine.First, Michael lived with his parents in Moscow, but in 1601 his family fell into disfavor and was subjected to disgrace.Ruling while Boris Godunov was told that the Romanovs and want to prepare a plot to kill him with the help of magic potion.The massacre followed immediately - many members of the Romanov family were arrested.In June 1601 at a meeting of the Boyar Duma was the verdict: Fedor Nikitich and his brothers: Alexander, Michael, Vasily and Ivan - should be deprived of property forcibly cut in monks, exiled and imprisoned in various remote areas of the capital.Fedor Nikitich was sent to Antony of Siya Monastery, which was located in a deserted, desolate place, 165 miles from Arkhangelsk, on the river Dvina up.It was there that his father Mikhail Fedorovich trimmed in monks and named Filaret.Mother of the future autocrat, Xenia Ivanovna, was accused of complicity in a crime against the royal power and sent into exile in Novgorod district in Tol-Egoryevsky graveyard that belonged Vazhitskomu monastery.Here it trimmed a nun, named Martha, and imprisoned in a small building, surrounded by a high fence.
Link Mikhail Fedorovich to Beloozero
Little Michael, who was at that time six years, was exiled along with his eight-year sister Tatyana Fedorovna and aunts, Martha Nikitichna Cherkasy, Ulyana Semenova Anastasiya Nikitichna on Beloozero.There's a boy growing up in extremely harsh conditions, malnourished, he suffered deprivation and need.In 1603 Boris Godunov softened the verdict and allowed the mother of Michael, Martha Ivanovna, come on Beloozero children.A short time later monarch allowed exiles to resettle in Yuriev-Polsky district, in the village of Klin - home turf of the Romanov family.In 1605, seized power False Dmitry I, wanting to confirm their relationship with the surname Romanov returned to Moscow, the survivors of its representatives from exile, including the family of Michael, and himself.Fedor Nikitich was provided Rostov archdiocese.
Smoot.The state of siege in Moscow, the future king
in difficult times from 1606 to 1610 years, the rules SHUISKI.During this period, Russia has happened a lot of dramatic events.Including the movement emerged and grew "thieves," a peasant uprising, which led I. Bolotnikov.Some time later, he teamed up with a new impostor, "Tushino" False Dmitry II.Polish intervention began.Commonwealth troops captured Smolensk.Shuisky boyars deposed from the throne because he rashly signed a contract with Sweden Vyborg.Under this agreement, the Swedes agreed to help Russia to fight against the False Dmitry, and in return received the Kola Peninsula.Unfortunately, the conclusion of the contract did not save the Vyborg Russia - Poles defeated the Russian-Swedish army in battle Klushinskoy and opened itself approaches to Moscow.At this time, the boyars, running the country, pledging allegiance to the son of King Sigismund Rzeczpospolita, Vladislav.The country is split into two camps.In the period from 1610 to 1613 years of anti-Polish risen popular uprising.In 1611 it was formed under the leadership of the people's militia Lyapunov, but it was defeated on the outskirts of Moscow.In 1612 creates a second militia.It was headed by Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin.In the late summer of 1612 there was a terrible battle, which was won by Russian troops.Hetman Chodkiewicz retreated to the mountains Vorobyov.By late October, Russian militia clear Moscow from the Poles entrenched in it, waiting for assistance from Sigismund.Russian boyars, including Mikhail Fedorovich with his mother Martha, captured, tortured by hunger and privation, were finally freed.
Attempted murder Fyodor
after a hard siege of Moscow, Mikhail Fedorovich went to Kostroma fiefdom.Here, the future King almost died at the hands of a gang of Poles who remained in the iron-Borovsky monastery and were looking for a way to Domnino.Spas Mikhail Fedorovich peasant Ivan Susanin, who volunteered to show the way to the future of the robbers, and led them to the king in the opposite direction, to the swamps.A future king took refuge in the monastery of the Yusupov.Ivan Susanin was tortured, but he did not disclose the location of Romanov.That was such a complicated childhood and adolescence of the future king, who at age 5 was forcibly separated from their parents and live with his father became a mother orphan, experienced the hardships of isolation from the outside world, the horrors of the siege and starvation.
Zemsky Sobor 1613 election of Mikhail Fedorovich
After the expulsion of the invaders boyars and the militia led by Prince Pozharsky was made a decision to choose a new king.February 7, 1613 during the preliminary election of a nobleman from Galich proposed to enthrone his son Filaret, Mikhail Fedorovich.Of all the candidates he was the closest kinship to the genus Rurik.In many cities were sent messengers to learn public opinion.February 21, 1613 were carried out the final selection.The people decided: "Being sovereign Mikhail Romanov."By taking this decision, the projectile embassy to notify the election of Mikhail Romanov tsar.March 14, 1613 Ambassadors, accompanied by a procession, came to the Ipatiev Monastery and brow beat nun Martha.Much persuasion finally come to fruition, and Mikhail Romanov agreed to become king.Only 2 May 1613 accomplished a magnificent grand entrance to Moscow sovereign - when, in his opinion, the capital, and the Kremlin was ready to accept it.July 11 was crowned in the reign of the new monarch - Mikhail Romanov.The ceremony was held in the Assumption Cathedral.
Home Board sovereign
Mikhail Fedorovich took the reins torn, destroyed and depleted the country.In difficult times people needed just such an autocrat - a generous, charming, gentle, kind, and generous at the same time on spiritual qualities.No wonder the people called him "meek."Personality king helped to strengthen the power of the Romanovs.Domestic policy of Mikhail Fedorovich in the beginning of his rule was aimed at restoring order in the country.An important task is to eliminate the gangs of robbers, rampaging everywhere.With Cossack chieftain Ivan Zarutsky waged a real war, which culminated in the capture and subsequent execution.Acute problems of the peasants.In 1613 he was made the distribution of state land to the needy.
important strategic decisions - a truce with Sweden
Foreign Policy Mikhail Fedorovich was concentrated on the conclusion of an armistice with Sweden and the termination of the war with Poland.In 1617 he was decorated Stolbovsky contract.This document officially ended the war with Sweden, which lasted for three years.Now Novgorod lands were divided between the Russian Empire (he returned the captured city: Veliky Novgorod, Ladoga, Gdov, Porkhov, Staraya Russa and Sumerskaya region) and the Kingdom of Sweden (he got Ivangorod, Koporye, Yam, Korela, Oreshek, Neva).Moreover, Moscow had to pay a significant sum in Sweden - 20 thousand silver rubles.Stolbovsky world cut off the country from the Baltic Sea, but for Moscow concluding this truce allowed to continue their war with Poland.
End of Russian-Polish war.Return of Patriarch Filaret
Russian-Polish war lasted, with varying success, since 1609.In 1616 the enemy forces, headed by Wladyslaw Vasa and hetman Jan Chodkiewicz, invaded Russian territory, wanting to dethrone Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich.Could it reach only Mozhaisk, where it was suspended.From 1618 to the army he joined the army of Ukrainian Cossacks Hetman P. Sahaidachny headed.Together they stormed the forces of Moscow, but he was unsuccessful.Groups of Poles moved and located next to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.As a result, the parties have agreed to negotiate, and in the village Deulina December 11, 1618 the armistice was signed that ended the Russian-Polish war.Terms of the contract were unfavorable, but the Russian government has agreed to accept them in order to stop the internal instability and to rebuild the country.Under the contract Russia conceded Rzeczpospolita Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Novgoro-Seversky, Chernigov, Serpeysk and other cities.Also during the talks it was agreed to exchange prisoners.July 1, 1619 on the river Polyanovka prisoners were exchanged, and Filaret, the father of the king finally returned home.Some time later, he was ordained patriarch.
dual power.The wise decision of two rulers of the Russian land
The Russian kingdom established so-called diarchy.Together with his father, the patriarch Mikhail Fedorovich began to govern.He, like the king himself, was given the title of "great ruler" In 28 years, Mikhail Fedorovich married Maria Vladimirovna Dolgoruky.But a year later she died.The second time the king Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva.During the years of marriage she bore him ten children.In general, the policy of Mikhail Fedorovich and Filaret was aimed at centralizing power, restoring the economy and fill the treasury.In June 1619 it was decided that a devastated land will be taken for taxes or sentinel scribe books.It was decided to once again hold a census to establish the exact dimensions of tax collection.In the region were sent scribes and dozorschiki.During the reign of Mikhail Romanov to improve the tax system drafting of books scribe was made twice.Since 1620 the field were appointed by the governor and mayor, to keep order.
Recovery
Moscow during the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich gradually recovered the capital and other cities, destroyed during the Troubles.In 1624, Stone was erected a tent and watch a fight over Spassky tower and belfry built Filaret.In the years 1635-1636 were built stone mansions for the king and his offspring in place of old wood.On the territory of the Nikolsky to the Spassky Gate were built 15 churches.In addition to the reconstruction of destroyed cities, politics Mikhail Romanov was aimed at further enslaving peasants.In 1627, a law was created that allowed the nobles their land bequeath (it was necessary to serve the king).In addition, a set of five spying runaway peasants, which in 1637 was extended to 9 years, and in 1641-m - up to 10 years.
Creating a new army regiments
important activity of Mikhail Romanov was the creation of a regular national army.In the 30-ies.XVII century there were "shelves of the new system."Among them was composed of knights children and free people, and to the position of the officers were taken by foreigners.In 1642, people began training foreign military ranks.In addition, they began to form Reitarska soldiers and cavalry dragoon regiments.Also, there were two elective Moscow Regiment, who were later called Lefortovo and Butyrsky (from settlements, which were located).
development of industry
In addition to creating the army, the king Mikhail Romanov tried to develop different crafts in the country.The government began to call on foreign manufacturers (prospectors, founders, gunsmiths) on concessional terms.In Moscow, it was founded by German settlement, where lived and worked as an engineer and foreign military.In 1632 it was built the plant for casting cores and guns near Tula.Develop and textiles in Moscow opened Velvet yard.There was carried out learning velvet case.In Kadashevskaya Sloboda deployed textiles.
Instead of conclusion
Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov died at the age of 49 years.It happened July 12, 1645.The result of his government's activity was the calm state, excited Troubles, the establishment of centralized power, raising welfare, restoring the economy, industry and trade.During the reign of the first Romanov were discontinued war with Sweden and Poland, and also established diplomatic relations with the states of Europe.
