As a rule, the question of what is a zero ending, raises many questions among those who study the theory of the Russian language, whether Russian or foreign students.Difficulties arise, firstly, when it is necessary to distinguish the word without inflection (no closure) of words with zero flexion (null-terminated).
main criterion
In general, the main criterion for distinguishing formulated simply, words ending with zero - this changes the words, and words without end - immutable.However, this formulation is easy only for those who know exactly which words change, and which are not.That this is the "treachery" of the question: before you deal with the fact that a zero ending, it is necessary to understand what the grammatical change, words which parts of speech change, and what - no, that is the end, in contrast to all otherparts of words (morphemes).
If the words do not fit together
only kids who start to talk, do not try to adapt the words to each other.They either need to cleverly avoid this, "inventing" are words that do not need the device, or make the "wrong" in terms of the adult sentence.
example, Russian kid can say, "Mum bai" ("Mom is sleeping"), "The machine bye-bye" ("The machine has left," "Cars do not have," "The machine was gone"), "Kish Bach" ("Kisadropped ").The words "bai", "bye-bye", "boom" not only does not have the capacity to change something, but do not need it.They can equally well be combined with nouns, and all sorts of "Santa bai", "Clippers bye-bye", "Kotick bang."Proposals such words do not look "wrong", but are perceived as "children."
In other cases, the kids say "wrong", and this abnormality is very good it felt older adult as a distortion of language.It can be personal forms of the verb, eating properly, "Clippers asleep" ("Clippers sleep") or the infinitive, consumed instead of personal forms of the verb "Clippers sleep" ("Clippers sleep"), "Vova sleep" ("Vova sleeps").
mutable and immutable words in the child's speech
As you can see, in the first case, the proposal is not perceived as wrong as the selected verb does not imply its adaptation to other words.It's like a verb with a universal, suitable for all single form (Bach, bye-bye, bai).It is unchangeable words, their composition is not a part of that, changing, adapt to different verb to noun.
In the second case, such a universal correct form of the verb have not.Whenever combined with all sorts of nouns and numbers, the verb must somehow change, to get the correct phrase.The verb to have this opportunity, as it has the ending: changing, it changes the form of the verb.
mutable and immutable word in "adult" language
In general, in "adult" language, everything is about the same.One of the words having a closure, assumes its change to adapt to other words, and another part having no closure can not be changed and combined with other words, it remains unchanged.
For example, the adjective "pretty" is the ending, which is changing, changing and form of the word, allowing him to repeat the form of the noun "nice girl", "cute elephant", "cute relations", "pretty faces", "nice people "and so on.. Among these could be the words of a null-terminated.Examples of the easiest to find among nouns masculine singular: "house", "garden", the key ".
But the adverb "far", on the other hand, does not imply any change and forming a phrase with verbs, not me, "far left", "far-popped," "far fled," "far gone" and so on. D.
graduation and forms of words
On the form the words to say only when it can change it, that is when it is the end.In the name the adjective "pretty" exactly as many forms as endings.And the adverb "far" no end, no forms.
forms of words, which changes, called word forms.They are all one and the same word is called a paradigm inflection.It is the same word, but represented in all the richness of its forms, each of which is different from each other grammatical meaning.For example, the word form "pretty" is a grammatical meaning: nominative, masculine, singular.A word form "cute" following grammatical meaning: ablative plural.Words with zero ending, word forms are known, since any end, including zero, is intended to form the word form.
endings and grammatical meaning
Formally (visually and aurally), these word forms differ from each other it ends, and it is the end of the offer or bleed word or that grammatical meaning.
So, if we talk about the end of the "first" word "simatichny" that is, it has all of the grammatical meanings (as the prefix "from" in "run off" is set to "delete").
Each end has its grammatical meaning, and can report its word form.However, of course, this has severe limitations.For example, the end of "bubbled" can not give the value of the "ablative plural" noun "dog", because he's a different paradigm endings.
The same can be said about the words of a null-terminated.Examples: zero end of the word "night" is set to "nominative, singular."
no sound, but the ending
When words fail, then he is bound to have an ending completely in all forms.It does not matter, expressed this ending sounds (letters) or not.In a lot of cases submitted to the end, as they say, "zero sound": after No sounds, but it does not mean that there is no end.
For example, the word "dog" for the root should not be any sound, but at the end of the word like a changeable part of speech is, it is the end called "zero": pёsØ.
value of this word forms - the nominative, singular noun having the masculine gender.Zero ending is easy to "feel" if you understand that it is because of the fact that at the end of the spot, in this case "zero sound", the word is perceived as having just that grammatical meaning.Hence, the "zero sound" here is set to "nominative case, singular" masculine noun.
important to understand that a zero ending nouns homonymous verbs ending zero since the end of the two have very different meanings and form different word forms.
Significant lack
Thus, this lack can not be called a lack of proper speech.Not at the end of the adverb "nice" gerunds "the jammed" pretext "in" particles "no".The word "dog" ending is not absent, but represented "zero sound."A zero closure verbs form the past tense singular (carrying, carrying, soaps), and we can not say that these words are not the end.
itself, there is a lack of meaningful milestone.This can be compared with the mass of purely domestic cases.For example, we often agree with each other: "If there is something wrong, I'll call you back.And if I did not call you, it means that everything is fine, everything is going according to plan. "
So it is here: if the word "dog" is represented by the end of "zero sound", then its form - nominative, singular.
How not to confuse the "significance" of the absence of a conventional
agreed that, if everything is fine and everything is going according to plan, we do not call back, we will in due time often start to worry: What if the lack of a call - it's not a signthat's all right, but our partner just can not call?
Approximately so often there is confusion and how to distinguish between a zero ending of his absence.As mentioned at the beginning of this article, the most important criterion is simple: words ending with zero change, and without them - no.
To understand that we face: a zero ending (no significant) or the lack of it, you should try to change the word "dog" - "dog", "dog".Firstly, the word changes, that in itself is an indication that he is the end.Secondly, on the site of the zero had other end constituting the paradigm of the word endings.
It is important to be attentive to change: it is necessary to change the same word (that is, change only grammatical meaning) rather than forming new ones.For example, the adjective "easy" - is not the form of adverbs "convenient."If you change the form of the word part of speech, of course, must remain the same.
Immutable word
To make sure that before you - a zero ending, or lack of it, is very important to be guided in the words which parts of speech - immutable.
By immutable words include:
- adverbs (adverb - a constant part of speech, so you can not say that there adverb zero ending).Examples: tired, comfortable, in a moment, happily, well, bad, sad, near, far.Please note that adverbs do not always end in "o": no wonder, drunk, in a temper, unwillingly, last spring, a little, a lot, triple, double, four of them now, in the morning, tomorrow afternoon, later, later,always in the evening, at night, there, near here, left, forward, forward, side, swimming, crawling, mixed, backward ...
The tricky is the similarity of dialects and some forms of adjectives and verbs: "Mama wearily sat on the edgesofa "(tired - adverb)."The sun seemed tired and very quickly disappeared behind the clouds" (tired - verb).
- gerund (gerund - the invariable part of speech, these words are also not zero ending).Examples: clinging, holding, touching, earned by reading.
- initial form of the verb (to the scientific and methodological frame of reference, which are considered ti -t and suffixes, rather than endings), for example: sleep, dream, educate, listen, print, train, love.
- comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs: smarter, red.
- All service parts of speech.
- All interjections.
- All onomatopoeic words: bow-wow, meow-meow.Sometimes the authors of literary texts deliberately played up these words by changing them: "All crowing has died away, and he was still asleep."
- indeclinable nouns, for example: cars, coats, Baroque, taxis, coffee.However, there is a view that these words have closure: precisely because it is a noun (in the school curriculum is usually such a view is not considered).
- indeclinable adjectives, such as burgundy, khaki.
- Possessive pronouns that indicate affiliation to a third party, such as their, her, it.
These groups of words to remember, in general, it is easy, but in complex cases or cases of uncertainty as an additional criterion, as already mentioned, will be able to change a specific word.
