future of man in the light of evolutionary processes.
believed almost conclusively that the universe is stable, not changing, infinite in space and time and exists forever.This view is held by most scientists, including the author of the general theory of relativity (GTR) A. Einstein.However, in 1973, the famous mathematician and physicist AA Friedman, working, ironically, just as the equations of general relativity Einstein came to the conclusion that the universe can not be stable, it must either shrink or expand.And already in 1979 this scientific foresight received practical confirmation.American astronomer Hubble E found a scattering of galaxies and, as a consequence of the expansion of the universe.These conclusions were based on the so-called red shift in the spectra of galaxies, which indicates that gaklaktiki away from us.Finally, in the late 1990s, based on observations of supernovae, it was concluded that the expansion of the universe occurs with increasing speed of almost exponentially, that is, the farther away a galaxy, the faster they are removed.Subsequently, all the idea of the non-stationary universe have been repeatedly confirmed by astronomical observations, and recognized by scientists around the world.
Currently reliably established that the universe changes in time and space.The universe, like everything else in this world is born, lives and dies.It formulated an idea about the origin of the universe as a result of the "Big Bang" and was determined its age - 13.7 billion years.Thus, it became clear that our entire universe is evolutionary.It is absolutely universal phenomenon of the universe.Inanimate matter also was involved in the overall evolutionary marathon.It became clear that in this world there is nothing that could exist beyond evolution.
basic principles of evolution.
essence of evolution is the gradual transition from simpler forms of organization of matter to the more complex, with the mandatory formation of new qualitative features.This definition of evolution, at the moment, is considered the most acceptable.Consider the example of this process.One of the most interesting stages of evolution is the transition from unicellular to multicellular forms of life.This transformation, in its importance, is considered one of the most important evolutionary events, the ensuing it is the development of life on earth, what we have now.It was found that life on Earth originated more than 3.5 billion years ago and was initially presented some protists.The number of species of organisms is more than 70 thousand.They inhabited the planet more than 2.5 years mlod obinochestve in full, with no enemies but themselves.
But that began to appear small colonies of protozoa, single-celled flagellates community with a strange name chlamydomonas, Latin name - Chlamydomonas.This tiny teardrop-shaped creature with two flagella and a light-sensitive eyes, the only one of its kind, was able to go on the existence of individuals in the social community, when they are combined into the colony from a few pieces to several thousand.Chlamydomonas was the only candidate from a huge detachment of single-celled organisms that nature has given the right to be a child of all multicellular animal world where we see the principle of evolutionary selective when nature selects the panel for future development of the most promising targets.For example, from a large number of animal species a monkey became the ancestor of man, and not the lion or elephant, which by virtue of its power might seem more successfully pass the casting for this role.The same can be observed at the molecular level when, exactly, the molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA was able to build a cell and thus carry out the transition from inanimate matter to living forms.You can note an interesting moment when the three fundamental particles: protons, neutrons and electrons through various combinations of managed postroil entire periodic table.
But back to the Chlamydomonas.Her transition to multicellular organisms took place in a series of fairly well traced adaptive changes.So gonium public has as part of its Colne only four cells gonium-bib has 16 cells.There are also such types of plant flagellates and colonies which consist of more cells.However, in reality they represent in itself is nothing but a collection of individual geometrically organized Chlamydomonas.Obviously, this dead ends.Other business Volvox, the Latin name - Volvox.Under the microscope, it is seen that the colony contains up to 50 thousand Chlamydomonas enclosed in a gelatinous ball with a diameter of about 1 mm.The entire surface of the ball is covered with flagella.Flagella move and the ball rolls.Volvox means rolling.A careful study of the structure of the colony can be seen that all cells are interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges and form a single body.Flagella work in concert as a single system, which indicates the close connection between the cells.Cells actively interact with each other, united in groups, changing their structure and functional significance.The outer cells have flagella and provide movement of Volvox, others sink into a ball, there are intensively divided, then go outside, forming a young colony.There is a structural and functional diffvrentsiatsiya.Volvox almost mnogokleochnoe animal.
Residents pass.
However, it is clear that the Volvox is not yet a full-fledged representative of the multicellular world, although it is not separated from each other individuals, and some semblance of a single organism in which different structural groups of cells perform different functions.This transitional stage is a resident of the pass, on the one hand is a huge world of single-celled, and on the other hand, at least the vast world of multicellular animals.
Nature creates these transitional links at every stage of its development.Suffice it to recall the amazing fossil bird - Archaeopteryx.This creature the size of a pigeon had signs of birds and at the same time retains the features of reptiles.Archaeopteryx could not be a good flyer, as he had underdeveloped brisket, weak muscles of the wings and the keel was missing, but it is not a reptile.His body is covered with feathers, it can fly from tree to tree, but it's still not a real bird.This is another resident of the pass, on the one hand that the class of reptiles or reptiles, the first true land vertebrates on the other hand, the class of birds.In physics, it is well known phenomenon of wave-particle duality, when elementary particles at the same time are the properties of corpuscles and waves, and as we move from longer wavelength (low frequency) to shorter (high frequency) wave properties of particles appear weakercorpuscular and amplified.Thus, elementary particles are residents of the pass between the wave and particle matter.
space-time continuum can also be considered a full-fledged resident of the pass and share spatial and temporal matter two evolutionary stages.Since space and time are the same evolutionary products such as atoms, molecules, and other single-celled organisms, here for their education must adhere to the principle of cooperation.For this purpose, so both space and time must consist of separate elements.Naturally, in the space time matter it did not exist, it appeared later and owes its origin to the interaction of the structural elements of the space, while the space itself obliged him predschestvuyuschih interaction elements of matter.
Through this analogy, we can fall even lower, beyond the big bang.Transitional forms allow us to visualize the evolutionary process up to the origins of our universe.However, we are interested in moving forward on the evolutionary ladder, what awaits us in the future.
vertical and horizontal evolution.
Mmterialny world of our universe is constantly updated with new forms.Postupaelnoe motion of matter with its permanent complication is the result of an active evolutionary process.In place of the molecular world peace comes onoklegochnyh animals, then there is the world of multicellular animals, plants, fungi, finally the world a reasonable person.During this marathon neskonchakmogo evolutionary changes in the structure, acquire new properties.With each step in Nature rises higher and higher up the steps of the evolutionary ladder, she tends to up the tip of the arrow of time is lost in the vastness of space.
note another important moment in the evolution of matter.We see that the old forms, creating new and continue to exist.Our world is filled with representatives of the previous stages of evolution.With us adjoins the world of single-celled animals, continuing to hit our imagination for its diversity and vitality, the world of mammals, fish, birds, plants, all the inorganic world: stars, planets, radiation prostraknstvo, time and so on.And all this multiplicity of forms is not something frozen, it is actively adapting to the changing environment, but it is not acquiring new properties or new quality, here only the old forms, and improved properties.
Intuitively, it can be considered, such as the evolution of the horse.It is hard to imagine that her ancestor was the size of a rabbit, I had tetradigitate three-fingered forelimbs and hind had knobby teeth and live in areas with warm and humid climate.By the end of Neocene the climate has changed significantly: the vegetation has become dry and rough, and in the open steppes bvlo salvation can be found only in a fast race.Fight for suschesvovanie and natural selection took place in the direction of elongation of the feet, muscle building and ukpepleniyu the spine, causing the animals acquired the modern form.Bats emit high-pitched sounds - ultrasounds, capturing that they are oriented in space.At night, in the summer they are able to track and catch small insects.Some snakes on the upper and lower jaws are small bodies that are able to capture infrared radiation.This allows them to distinguish the difference of temperature in a thousandth of a degree, and to feel prey from a distance of 30 meters.Falcon from a great height can see in the grass a little mouse, a cheetah, a short distance, can reach speeds of up to 120 kilometers per hour.This list goes on and on, noting many more amazing features, but none of these animals has not acquired a new quality.When formed multicellular world, the world of single-celled organisms continued to develop, but remained the world of single-celled organisms, although it is currently receiving huge kolichkstvo mutations allowing them to continue to exist despite our serious concerns to some pathogenic representatives of the world, such as bacteria orviruses.
That is why we have called this development horizontal evolution.The driving force behind this development is the struggle for existence and natural selection, is exactly what Charles Darwin said.Of course, he could not know the intricacies of the mechanism of variability of nature, the essence of which is that the aggressive environment affecting the DNA molecule breaks its structure and causes mutations, which are the basis of variability.And only then it comes into force estestaenny selection, leaving to the life of the most stable forms.But not only live iaterii objects fall on the horizontal line of evolution.All objects of inanimate matter preceding stages of evolution and fall on the horizontal line of evolution.They actively adapt to changing environmental conditions.For them, there is no need to strive up the evolutionary ladder, can exist in its original form by adjusting, as appropriate, its shape and properties.It should be noted that changes in the inorganic world: the world of stars, star clusters, planets occur much more slowly and time is billions of years old, but the principles are the same for the evolution of the living and non-living matter.
objects located on the horizontal line of evolution can not create a new product with new properties, they only improve existing ones.However, nature is not limited to such kind of development.It seeks to create a more perfect product evolution a completely new structure with completely new properties.Such products with a constant need to appear at each new stage of evolution or each next step of the evolutionary ladder.In protivopolohnost horizontal line of evolution is called the vertical line of the evolutionary ladder of evolution.
is now becoming ponchtno that person is not the end product of a vertical zvolyutsii.Moreover, he inevitably falls on the horizontal line of evolution.Vertical evolution goes on, and the inheritance of a person to improve their quality of adapting to changing environmental conditions.Let us consider this process in more detail.
The main distinguishing feature of man is myschlenie, ie the production of ideas.The idea - one of the last evolutionary product at this stage of development and that it should proceed on the issue.
What is the idea?
known that the production of ideas is carried out in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex of the brain.Cortex layer is represented by the gray matter, the thickness of which can vary from two to five millimeters.This layer consists of a large number of neurons, their 50 billion.A neuron consists of a cell body kotorpoy departs from one long arm - axon branching at the end, and a group of short tree sprouts - dendrites.The surface of the processes covered by synapses, small bulbous formations through which the communication between neurons.The total amount of these bonds in the gray matter of the brain is calculated within the 150 trillion.
signals coming into the brain from the environment influence, namely, on the connections between neurons.Under the influence of these signals changes the shape, size and nature of branching shoots increases sharply and the number of synapses, respectively, the number of connections between neurons, synapses increase in volume, indicating that activation of physiological processes in nerve cells, there is a redistribution of contacts on the surface of neurons.Therefore, neurons of frontal lobe cortex interconnected definite way, forming a so-called neuronal conglomerate.That is, neuronal conglomerate and is thought.The idea is a community of interconnected neurons in a certain way.The nature and form of these bonds, and thus the structure of the conglomerate, determined by the nature of incoming signals to the brain.A huge number of interneuronal connections determines the diversity of emerging conglomerates and this diversity is limitless.But at this point in time the brain can create only one conglomerate, since it involved building right all the neurons of the frontal lobes.Never in the cortex does not occur at the same time the two conglomerates.When the brain receives a new series of signals, the old ties are destroyed, the formation of new and therefore these connections, forming a new conglomerate.
value of bonds in progizvodstva conglomerate in no way exaggerated.It is known that the most intense and significant quantitative and morphological changes occurring in the cerebral cortex of the brain during the evolutionary process, related, namely, interneuronal connections rather than the neurons themselves.The same neurons are involved in the production of an enormous variety of conglomerates.No doubt, in the neurons themselves also undergoing significant changes, but they relate to the metabolism or internal metabolism of proteins associated with the production of new synapses and to move and change the configuration of neuronal processes.The signal on the nerve process and then through the synapse enters the surface of the neuron.
