Boyar Morozova is one of the well-known Russian personalities who left their mark in the history of the state.This woman was the epitome of a fearless and stubborn, it's a real fighter for his principles and ideals.Drinking noblewoman ambiguous, for others it is usually fanatic, ready to go to death, but would not give up their beliefs, in others it is a matter of respect and loyalty of its resistance adopted faith.Whatever it was, but it is - a legendary figure, and thanks to the painting Surikov remember stories Morozova will be more than one generation.
Origin Boyarina Morozova
Prokopevna Theodosius was born May 21, 1632 in Moscow, her father - Sokovnin Procopius F. - was a courtier, was in kinship with the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Mary Ilinichnoj.Future noblewoman was among the courtiers who accompanied the queen.In 17 years, Theodosius married Gleb Ivanovich Morozov.Her husband was a representative of a noble family, he was in kinship with the family of the Romanovs, near Moscow had a luxurious mansion Zyuzin, accounted uncle Prince and served as the king's sleeping bag.Brother Gleb, Boris, was very rich.He died in 1662, and since the offspring he never got, all transferred to next of kin.
wealth and influence Boyarina
After the death of Gleb Ivanovich state of both brothers becomes a minor Ivan Glebovich son Gleb, and Theodosius, and actual steward of wealth becomes his mother.The life story of Boyarina Morozova is very interesting, because this woman had their own views on life.Theodosius Prokopevna ranked Boyarina horse, has a great influence, was close to the king.Her wealth could only envy: noblewoman had several estates, but she settled in the village Zyuzin, which set up your home on the Western model.At that time it was the most luxurious manor.
Boyar Morozova giving directions eight (!) Thousands of serfs, only lived in her house about 300 workers.In Feodosiya was a smart coach, decorated with silver and mosaic, she often walks, harnessed to his crew of six or even twelve horses with rattling chains.During visits boyarynya accompanied by about 100 male and female slaves, protecting it from attacks.At that time Morozov was considered almost the richest man in Moscow.
proponent of the Old Believer faith
Boyar Morozova was an avid supporter of the old faith.She was always sympathetic to the poor and the holy fool, Give them alms.In addition, in her house often gathered adherents of the Old Believers to pray around ancient canons at Old Believer icons.The woman had close contact with the priest Habakkuk, an apologist of the old faith, did not perceive the reforms of Patriarch Nikon.
She wore a hair shirt, that thus "subdue the flesh."Yet Habakkuk was unhappy Morozova, urged her to poke out his eyes, as did Mastridiya to protect themselves from the temptations of love.Also priest rebuked boyarynya in small charity, because when her condition she could do much good for many more people in need.In addition, Theodosius, though, and was faithful to the old faith, visited the church of the new rite, which caused her to mistrust on the part of conservatives.
Disobedience Morozova
King knew beliefs Boyarina horse, and such behavior he did not like it.Theodosius avoided religious and social events, she did not even attend the wedding of Alexei Mikhailovich, said he was very ill.King in every way tried to influence obstinate boyarynya, send for a purpose to her of her relatives so that they advised the woman and persuaded to adopt a new faith, but it was all in vain: Morozova stood his ground.Few knew, as he was called Boyar Morozova after vows at the Old Believers.Woman secretly took it and got a new name - Theodore, showing their surroundings that remains true to the old faith.
Queen Mary Ilinichna long pent-up anger of the king, and boyar high position did not allow so simply to punish her, but Alexei Mikhailovich patience came to an end.Evening of November 16, 1671 to come Morozova Archimandrite Ioakim a clerk of the council Hilarion.The house was also the sister of Boyarina Princess Urusov.To show your disrespect to the guests, Theodosius and Eudocia went to bed and lying answered questions came.After questioning women shackled and left under house arrest.Two days later Morozov moved first in Miracles, and then in the Pskov-Caves Monastery.
Boyarina died after being imprisoned her only son, Ivan, two brothers were exiled, and all the property was transferred to the royal treasury.Morozov was carefully guarded, but she received from people sympathetic to her clothes and food, priest Habakkuk wrote her letters, and one of the priests of the old faith communion unfortunate woman.
penalty king
Boyar Morozova, Princess Urusov and Maria Danilova (wife of Colonel musketeers) at the end of 1674 were transferred to Yamskoy yard.Torture on the rack tried to convince women to adopt a new faith and to renounce their beliefs, but they were steadfast.They were about to burn at the stake, but this blasphemy prevented Princess Irina, sister of the king of the boyars and intercessor.Alexei Mikhailovich ordered Evdokia and sisters in exile Theodosius Pafnutyevo-Borovsky monastery and imprisoned in an earthen prison.
Death Boyarina
in June 1675 in the wooden house had been burned 14 Boyarina servants who supported the old faith.September 11, 1675, died of starvation Princess Urusov, Morozov also foresaw his demise.Shortly before her death she asked the guards to wash in the river shirt to die in clean clothes.From the complete exhaustion of Theodosius died on November 2, 1675.
theme paintings Surikov
In 1887, after the 15th traveling exhibition of the Tretyakov Gallery for 25 thousand rubles was bought by the artist's work of genius "Boyar Morozova".Surikov Painting is canvas size 304h587,5 see, it is written with oil.Today it is one of the largest exhibits of the gallery.Picture from afar attracts the attention of viewers, mesmerizing bright colors, manpower and spatial imagery.Vasili took the theme as the basis of the XVII century church schism.The painter wanted to show the hard life and deep faith of the Russian people.He was able to convey the tragedy of the situation: the main character is humiliated, crushed, but not broken ,;Morozov is doomed to death, but still represented in the victorious manner.
Surikov interest in the fate of Boyarina
biography Boyarina Morozova interested Vasily for the reason that he is originally from Siberia, and in fact this region is famous for a huge number of Old Believers.Siberians have a positive attitude to the old faith, because in this region are widely used handwritten "lives", belonging to the martyrs of the Old Believers who have suffered at the hands of the representatives of the new faith.According to some sources, with "Tale of Boyar Morozova" Surikov introduced his godmother.Apparently, the artist was impressed by the force of will Boyarina, so I decided to resurrect the memory of it, on a huge canvas depicting the episode where Morozov taken to prison.
images of the main characters in the picture
When looking at the canvas in the first catches the eye is the central character - Boyar Morozova.Description of the painting shows that the artist has long determined with portrait sketches, he painted them separately and then assembled together.Archpriest Habakkuk described Theodosius as a thin woman with shifty, lightning-fast glance, Surikov and could not find such a person - a fanatical, bloodless, exhausted but proud and unbending.In the end, he sketched with Morozov staroobryadki that met Vasily Ivanovich Rogozhskoe near the cemetery.
Moscow poor trading cucumbers, became the prototype of the holy fool, but the image of the stranger - is the author himself."Boyar Morozova" - a painting rich "symphonies of color."Surikov attached great importance to the shades, do so they appear natural.The artist for a long time watching the snow, catching all his play, watched the cold air affects the complexion.That is why his characters seem alive.To give the film a sense of movement, Surikov pririsoval the sleigh running boy.
Evaluation artist
history painting "Boyar Morozova" very unusual, if only because this work has caused controversial and high-profile disputes critics during a traveling exhibition.Some people like to work Surikov, someone - no, but all agreed that the creation it was a success.Some critics compared the canvas with colorful Persian rug, because the bright colors and ryabili eyes, academics discussed various flaws paintings such as the wrong hand position, and so.. But still, the most famous and relentless criticism of a detailed study of the figure should have beenadmit - it is truly a masterpiece.
Before Vasily Surikov none of the painters so vividly portrayed and unbiased people not pre-Petrine era.At the center of the canvas - pale, exhausted mental anguish, hungry from the long post woman, settled around her clumsy, rude people in fur coats, Torlopov, telogreyah.The crowd split into two parts, one sympathizes noblewoman, another - makes a mockery of her misfortune.Surikov was able to revive their characters.The viewer, standing near the web, feels the crowd, as if transported in time a few centuries ago.
Vasily realistically portrayed the events that took place in the history of Russia.His work is to encourage people not only to learn about the fate of boyar Morozova, but also to reflect on her actions.Someone sees it as a fanatic, someone admires her inflexibility and adherence to the principles.During the appearance of the picture heroine people compared with the Populists and Stenka Razin.It says only that "Boyar Morozova" is, in every age, there are always people, faithful to their convictions.
