Isomerism - it's pretty important characteristic of the chemicals, as the structure and orientation of the molecule depends on its properties.Types of isomers as well as feature of the active substance being studied to this day.
isomers and isomerization: what is it?
Before discussing the main types of isomerism, you need to figure out what the term means.It is believed that the isomers is a phenomenon, when the chemical compound (or isomers) different structure and arrangement of atoms, but at the same time characterized by the same composition and molecular weight.
In fact, the term "isomerization" appeared in science is not so long ago.Several hundred years ago it was noticed that some of the substances with the same molecular weight and the figures with the same set of atoms differ in their properties.
As an example grapes and tartaric acid.In addition, at the beginning of the nineteenth century between scientists J. von Liebig and Friedrich Wohler discussion ensued.In numerous experiments, it was determined that there are two types of substance of the formula AgCNO - tsianovokisloe fulminate and silver, which, despite the same composition, have different properties.Already in 1830 the science was introduced the concept of isomerization.
In the future, thanks to the work by A. Butlerov and J. van't Hoff had explained the phenomenon of spatial and structural isomers.
Isomerization - a specific reaction, during which there is the transformation of structural isomers of each other.As an example we can take a number of substances of alkanes.Structural types of isomerism of alkanes to turn allow some substances to isoalkanes.Thus, the industry is increased octane fuel.It is worth mentioning that such properties are of great importance for the development of the industry.
Types of isomerism can be divided into two large groups.
structural isomers and its variants
structural isomers - a phenomenon in which the isomers differ in chemical structure.It identified a number of individual species
1. Isomerism of carbon skeleton.This form is characteristic of hydrocarbons and associated with a different order of bonds between carbon atoms.
2. isomers position of the functional group.This phenomenon is due to the different position of the functional group or groups in the molecule.In Examples 4 and 2 hlorbutanovuyu hlorbutanovuyu acid.
3. Isomerism multiple bonds.By the way, here include the most common types of isomerism of alkenes.The isomers differ in the position of an unsaturated bond.
4. Isomerism functional group.In this case, the overall composition of the substance is retained, but the properties and the nature of the functional group change.As an example, dimethyl ether, and ethanol.
Spatial isomerism
kinds of stereoisomers (space) associated with different orientations of the molecules of the same structure.
1. The optical isomers (enantiomers).This form is associated with the rotation of functional groups around the asymmetric connection.In most cases, the substance has an asymmetric carbon atom which is bonded to four substituents.Thus, a rotation of polarization plane of light.As a result, a so-called mirror opposites and isomers.Interestingly, the latter characterized by almost identical properties.
2. diastereomers.This term refers to a spatial isomers, which are formed by material-antipodes.
It is worth noting that the presence of the possible isomers is primarily due to the amount of carbon bonds.The longer the carbon skeleton, the greater the number of isomers may be formed.
