Chemical provides for the organization of cells of various substances and compounds.Thus, established the presence of macro- and microelements, water and mineral salts.Contained in the cell and organic materials, the largest of which determine its properties.These compounds also have an effect on a number of characteristics of the whole organism.It should be noted that the chemical composition of a plant cell and an animal is identical to the atomic level.At the molecular level, there are some differences.
Many organic substances are characterized by cells that are present in their structure larger molecules (macromolecules).Typically, they contain repeating similar in structure to low-molecular compounds.These compounds are linked by a covalent bond is formed and the monomers.Monomers, in turn, form a molecule which is called polymer.
largest organic substances cells - are fats, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins.
Proteins
They account for about ten to twenty percent.These irregular polymers contain amino acids as monomers.Proteins (in comparison with other compounds) are endowed with some significant features.First, these cells have the organic substance of a large molecular weight.For example, the molecular weight of the muscle protein is 15 kDa 00000, and, for example, ethyl alcohol - 46.
proteins in the polymer revealed about twenty amino acids.Each of them has its own structure, the name, properties.Amino acid molecule comprised of two parts.One part is the same for all, and includes a carboxylic acid group and an amino group.The other part is different, and is called "radical."
proteins play the role of a source of energy.Inside the cells, these compounds break down into amino acids.Some of them are used for protein synthesis, while the other part is in the process of deep cleavage.During the latter and releases the energy.Carbohydrates
These cells contain organic matter, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.All carbohydrates are divided into monosaccharides and polysaccharides.A quantity of the latter molecules are connected with each other, releasing water.Thus, a polysaccharide.
Carbohydrates included in the carriers of hereditary information - the nucleic acids.
Lipids
This group includes fat-like substances and fats directly.Lipids have a different structure.However, they are all endowed with the general properties.Lipids are insoluble in water, thus readily soluble in chloroform, benzene, ether and other organic solvents.
fats and fat-like compounds play an important role.The proportion of lipid by dry weight - 5-15%.Thus in some cells the content reaches 90%.Fat is present in all mammalian milk.In female dolphin, for example, the proportion of fat in the milk - about 40%.
nucleic acid
name these compounds derived from the Latin word "Nucleus" (core).These substances have been identified and isolated by Friedrich Miescher of nucleated cells.In 1869, the year the Swiss biochemist was allocated to the connection, which includes the phosphorus and nitrogen.
Nucleic acids are macromolecular compounds.They ensure the preservation and transmission of genetic information in living organisms.These biopolymers are formed of monomer units of nucleotides, which are contained in a large amount.Nucleotides determine the main properties of a living organism.
DNA - polymer molecule, which consists of a large number of monomers - deoxyribonucleotides.RNA is a polymer.The monomer therein acts ribonucleotide.
