One of the fundamental concepts in the Soviet educational psychology is the theory of stage formation of mental actions (TPFUD).Its author - the biggest scientist Peter Y. Galperin, who created this theory as one of the highest achievements of national psychology in the mid-20th century.His views are confirmed in our days, and the theory continues to serve as the basis for the creation of modern concepts of education.
Mental actions (CA) - is a special kind of mental action of man.They are executed inside the mind, they can not be observed directly.LE does not require assistance from the outside - for example in the form of loud speech.
Other human activities - such as physical - can not be carried out without external support.
With UD solve various psychological problems: cognitive - in thinking and memory, emotional - in the realm of the senses.
most important psychological and pedagogical value TPFUD is the ability to give the generated CA predetermined properties and manage the process of creating them.At the same time, even the most complex actions - such as verbal or math instant analysis of the behavior of the partner during intercourse - formed a guaranteed way.
In the language of modern science, the theory Halperin allows you to program the process of creating a UD.
Galperin discovered and experimentally proved that the action of the student can not take the form of mental, if the establishment does not pass successively through six stages:
- introduction to the training and motivation;
- construction scheme orienting basis of action (DTE);
- forming material action;
- verbal action (loud voice);
- verbal action (myself);
- mental action (inner speech).
Step 1: Introduction to the training and motivation
to awaken student interest in the future of the action, the teacher uses a range of techniques and methods.
recommended to use moral incentive - to put the student in the example of peers praise, approve.The teacher must, watching the baby, observe what forms of stimulation he responds, and use them.
It is important that the promotion is only used in a real success.Otherwise, the student does not learn how to properly respond to setbacks, they are disproportionately afflict him.
competitive spirit when discussing problems rather increases motivation.
Effective use of plot-role-playing games, and various forms of group learning.However, in this work it is important to adequately distribute the roles that children do not arise envy, resentment, jealousy and other negative emotions.
most effective and important motivator for learning are problematic task, in which the child can show their creativity and search.Their challenge should be moderately high, but essentially they should be solved.Should choose different levels of complexity of the problem tasks for different groups of students, and even individually - for children who do not fit into the group.
Finally, the joy in the learning process - a key motivator.
Stage 2. Construction Ltd. scheme
It does not perform an action, but only preparation for it.The student must learn and implement the instructions on the implementation of a special type of CA, which would help it to operate correctly and to guarantee the result.
For this student builds the orienting basis of action (CCCs).It is a systematic orientation and guidance, information, revealing all the components of the action.We consider data on the operations, composition and order of their execution, product, media and the subject of the action.
theory of stage formation of mental actions identifies three types of learning, each of which is more perfect than the last.The classification is based on the basis of three different models of the DTE.
- Landmarks are incomplete.Their highlights the subject of learning (student) on their own, through trial and error.Ltd. This does not allow to generalize the effect to the level of a class action, it remains an isolated example.
- Landmarks are complete.A description of all the conditions under which the execution of the action would be.But the subject is not involved in the establishment of the rules, but only blindly obey them.His personality is not involved in the execution of activities, and therefore it (the performance) was originally uncreative.The experience arising from such action, still remains a "one-off" and subject only helps for a short time.Besides, Ltd. still remains an isolated example of the action, without generalizations.It can not be applied to other actions in the same class.
- Landmarks exhaustively complete.They are generalized to a variety of, and in the limit - for all classes of action.The subject of the DTE itself, based on information received from the teacher methodological basis.
easy to see that the gradual formation of mental actions may be carried out only on the basis of the third type of training.At the same time, success is guaranteed only in one case (this is a center position TPFUD).Action should be worked out to a full success on each of the six stages of its creation.Any loss intermediate result destroys the final product.
Step 3. formation material or materialized action
Action in kind performed in the external plan as practical.The objects and material supports are real items.
Action materialized in the form performed with objects that have already been converted: diagrams, charts, graphs, drawings.Materialized special items shown in the indicative cards.
Each operation is slow.This gives the student the opportunity to control all the operations and the action as a whole.
At this stage, each operation is spoken out loud.This allows you to distinguish between the subject's own actions (it is described in the speech) and its objects (they are converted material).
When the job starts to turn faster, without errors and stops, cards and media actions clean.It remains only a verbal description.
Step 4. Speech action.Loud speech
Action, supports equipped with material, the student is no longer available.Now he can analyze the material only with the help of loud speech explaining the type converted to the other party, ie. E. Socialized.There is a coincidence of verbal actions and messages about it.
requirement speech action - expanded and detailed to the post - clarity for the interlocutor, which controls studies.
This phase contains a major qualitative leap in the formation of CA: external action moves to the thought of it.It is already generalized, but still not minimized and automated.
Step 5. Speech action.External speech himself
form of action - the same as in step 4, but the pronunciation of even whispers are not allowed.The teacher controls the sequence of operations or the result of an operation.Completion of phase - when each operation, as well as all the action is performed quickly and accurately.
Step 6. Action in inner speech - mental action.Pure thought
student from solving the problem, there were reports of only the final answer.Properties steps - short, svёrnutost, automatism.Despite the complicating factor limiting speed for student performance, the effect is unmistakable.If the error is still there - you need to move the position of the previous stages.
at this stage is the formation of mental action, regardless of any internal and external support factors.This action is called pure thought.
Only with the third type of training (with full construction Ltd.) there is the possibility to deploy a complete algorithm for the gradual formation of UD.This is the only type of training in which all the pupils in the class (group) reasonably confident in the successful achievement of the results of studies on the basis of its full competence.
theory of stage formation of mental actions - an indication of the teacher on how to build a learning process to the formation of knowledge and action by the main instrument of didactics - DTE - to be effective.
Universal learning activities (ECU)
One of the problems of modern education - to change the world with ever-increasing speed.The knowledge gained in school, out of date before the student has time to finish it.
In addition, in the process of training and education of the student depends on the teacher, because they do not know how to grow their own.
Further ignoring these facts will lead (and is already leading) to the total inefficiency of the education system.
only way out of the problem situation - a change of direction in the educational priorities of the receipt of subject knowledge and skills for personal and meta-subject (nadpredmetnym) universal educational actions (ECU).
Didactic precursor to these actions previously performed actions on the basis of general learning skills.
term "ECU" means:
- subject (the student) is capable of self-development and self-improvement, actively and consciously appropriating new social experience;
- subject is able to independently acquire new knowledge and skills, including the ability to organize the process of production of knowledge and its assimilation;
- subject learns to be self-cultural identity, socially competent, tolerant.
Currently primary school in Russia (from 5th to 9th grade) moves to a new federal state educational standard.At its heart - the creation of ACU for children of this age.
formation of ACU at the basic school
This process is built into the logic "of the action to the idea."Thus, it is the same as the logical basis for the concept Galperin.
Moreover, the theory of stage formation of mental actions become, along with the methodological theory of activity and thought, the fundamental basis for the creation of ACU.
In fact, TPFUD in form - it is nothing like the technology abstraction action - from the material to the thinking.ACU same - the highest and the final result of this abstraction: mental actions in the world of self-governing, self-propelled thinking.
More 25 years ago such thinking skills as the goal of education is not even discussed.Today, it meets the requirements of modern times.
for Russian education finally became clear that relying on the most advanced theory and methodology.This is possible thanks to the accumulation of more than half a century of experience sistemodeyatelnostnyh developments in pedagogy (Shchedrovitskii, OS Anisimov et al.).They have a unique mechanism for the continuous generation of theory and at the same time taking into account its implementation as continuous updates.
