Austrian scientist and biologist living in Canada and the United States, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, in 1937 for the first time put forward a number of ideas which he later combined into a single concept.He called it "The general theory of systems."What is it?This scientific concept study of various objects, considered as a system.
The basic idea of the proposed theory is that the laws governing the system objects - one, the same for the different systems.It is fair to say that the main idea of Bertalanffy were laid by different scientists, including Alexander Alexandrovich Bogdanov, Russian philosopher, writer, politician, doctor, in his fundamental work "Tectology", which he wrote in 1912.AABogdanov has actively participated in the revolution, however, I was largely disagree with VILenin.October Revolution did not take, but, nevertheless, continued to cooperate with the Bolsheviks, having organized the first in what was then the Russian Institute of Blood Transfusion and put on a medical experiment.He died in 1928.Few people are aware today that in the early twentieth century Russian scientist and physiologist VMBekhterev, regardless of AABogdanov has described more than 20 universal laws in the field of psychological and social processes.
General Systems Theory examines various types, structure, systems, processes of their functioning and development, organization components of structural and hierarchical levels, and much more.Bertalanffy also investigated the so-called open systems, exchanging free energy, matter and information with the environment.
General Systems Theory is currently investigating such a system-wide laws and principles, such as the hypothesis of semiotic continuity, the principle of feedback, organizational continuity, interoperability of complementary relationships, the law of requisite variety, hierarchical compensation principle monocentrism law a minimum, the law of leastthe relative resistance, the principle of external addition, a theorem on the recursive structure, law and other differences.
current state of science about systems owes Bertalanffy.General systems theory is very similar for the purposes of research or methods of cybernetics - the science of the general laws of process control and information in different systems (mechanical, biological or social);information theory - a branch of mathematics that determines the concept of information, its laws and properties;game theory, analyzed by mathematics competition between two or more opposing forces in order to obtain the greatest winning and losing the least;decision theory, analyzing rational choices among the various alternatives;factor analysis using the procedure of allocation of factors in the phenomena with many variables.
Today, general systems theory received a powerful impetus for their development in synergy.Prigogine and Haken investigate nonequilibrium systems, dissipative structures and entropy in open systems.In addition, the theory of Bertalanffy stood out applied scientific disciplines such as systems engineering - the science of the system planning, design, evaluation and design of systems of the type "man-machine";engineering psychology;Conduct field theory of Kurt Lewin;Operations Research - the science of managing components of economic systems (people, machines, materials, finance, etc.);SMD-methodology, which was developed by GPShchedrovitskii, his colleagues and students;theory of integral individuality B. Merlin, the basis of which was largely considered above the general systems theory Bertalanffy.
