Biocoenosis - is historically a group of plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms that inhabit one area (area of land or water body).Biocenoses formed either by themselves or under the action of man.
biocenosis, as the term is suggested Karl Mobius in the 19th century.The existence of ecological community may be defined as biological and physiographic features.The composition, structure biocenosis, its properties will depend on different factors, ranging from the climatic conditions and ending with the composition of the soil.In different areas of the composition and characteristics of the different biocenoses.
Any biocenosis - a combination of natural ingredients, with their species composition.For example, tropical moist forest biocenosis will be very different from the desert, that is, the number of species in the tropics ecological community will be much more extensive than in the desert.The formation of the species composition of biocenoses is also influenced by historical factors.For example, older communities have a greater number of species than the young.
longline (spatial structure of ecological community) - a vertical position phytocenosis in underground and surface parts.The structure of the ecological community has a ground component and underground.All tiers of the ecological community characterized by different features: environmental, floral, morphological, and so on. D. Longline well expressed in the woods, where she represented:
- tree layer;
- shrub;
- shrub-grass;
- tier of mosses and lichens.
of the number of tiers biocenoses are:
- simple;
- complicated.
Biocoenosis - a complex living organisms, in which there are permanent links, called trophic or food.On this basis, they formed the food chain.The trophic structure of biocenosis suggests the occurrence of food ties in cases where the organisms are a species feed on the organisms themselves or another kind of life of their products.Such connections are referred to directly or indirectly.Direct links are formed due to the body's absorption of one type of the other representatives.Indirect bonds are formed as a result of competitive organisms two different types of food.
Biocoenosis - is changeable structure.It can undergo long-term changes in the same direction, leading to rearrangement of its features, and may cause the substitution of one for another biocenosis.This process is called succession.Successions divided into primary and secondary.Primary succession occur in areas not populated before any biocoenosis.Secondary succession occur at the site of the disappeared or destroyed biocenoses.The final stage of life called menopause phytocenosis.Succession can be subdivided into the following types:
- syngenesis (changes caused as a result of vzaimovozdestviya plants);
- endoekogenez (changes in direct consequence of life itself phytocenosis);
- ekzoekogenez (changes caused by the action of external environmental factors for phytocenosis).
data types in turn are divided into:
- climatogenic;
- edafogennye;
- zoogenic;
- anthropogenic.
Influenced suksessy stable phytocoenosis may be reduced or form or, conversely, to regress.
dominant environmental factors are caused by the division of areas of distribution of the ambient temperature and the amount of precipitation.With increasing distance from the equator is a change of natural zones.Within the natural areas there are effects, called extrazonal and intrazonal, which are determined by the influence of topography, hydrological features and other factors.
Some authors insist that exist between plant groupings clear boundaries.But also there is a perception that the vegetation has some continuity.
