historic method of cognition includes various kinds.Using various methods carried cognition phenomena in one degree or another.
comparative historical method - it is a scientific method, which is determined using the "general" and "special" in the phenomena.With him learn the different stages of the development of two different or one of the same phenomenon.
comparative historical method makes it possible to identify and compare the changes in the development of the object of study, as well as identify areas for further progress.
Experts classify several subspecies of this method of knowledge.So, there is a comparative comparative method (revealing the nature of the objects), historical and typological (explained in terms of the conditions of development and the genesis of the similarity of phenomena not related by birth), historical-genetic (consider and identify similarities based on relationship by descent).There are also a way of knowing, in which the estimated mutual influence of different phenomena.
comparative-historical method is a set of techniques by which prove kinship some language and restore the facts from the history of their development.It was created this way of learning in the 19th century.Its founders are outstanding scholars (Alexander Vostokov, Jacob Grimm, Franz Bopp, Rasmus Rusk).
Some languages may appear similar words.This is due to borrowing.There are those which are rarely transferred from one language to another.These include, for example, the adjectives that represent the simplest signs, names of body parts and so on.End inflected words from one language to another is not moving.However, often similar.According to researchers, the reason is that these are the end result of the development of any words and languages themselves, in which they exist, are the descendants of "proto-language".
comparative historical method includes multiple methods of investigation.Often used
welcome foreign reconstruction.It is an identification of genetically identical words and morphemes in related languages.At the same time they found the results of regular sound changes in the source language.In addition, it uses a method of constructing a model of a hypothetical parent language and the rules of elimination of certain morphemes in the offspring.When you save quite a lot of morphine and related not very complicated story phonetic descendants, the results sound changes act as correspondences between related languages.In another case, the identification of sound change is only possible in the reconstruction of the intermediate stages of development.This proto studied groups and subgroups in the family of languages.
applied also receiving internal reconstruction.In this case, identify the structure and ratio of specific language phenomena, which clearly indicate that there are certain components in the early stages of its development.
There is a method of comparative analysis of borrowed words.
In some cases, the researchers extract information from data of toponymy.The image reconstruction cover every aspect of the language system: morphonology, phonology, vocabulary, morphology, syntax (to some extent).At the same time, the obtained models can not be identified directly from real-life parent language.Educated reconstruction reflect only information about it that will inevitably incomplete, due to the inability to recreate the phonemic opposition, roots, etc., disappeared in all subsequent languages.
