Butanol - is the traditional name of one of the monohydric alcohols.To it applies systematic name - 1-butanol, and the other - with n-butanol (normal butanol) or butyl alcohol.In the molecule of the primary alcohol has four carbon atoms, connected to each other, and the hydroxyl group replaces one hydrogen atom of the first C. The chemical formula - C4H9OH, rational - CH3 (CH2) 3OH, empirical - C4H10O.
molar mass of n-butanol is equal to 74.1 g / mol.In the normal state, it is a liquid with a density of 0.81 g / cc.Melting C4H9OH - minus 90.2 ° C, boiling temperature - plus 117.4 ° C.The refractive index of the pure substance corresponds to 1,399.Hypergolic 1-butanol at a temperature of 345 ° C, can break out at a temperature of 34 ° C.
Butyl alcohol is a linear hydrocarbon structure in which one hydrogen atom at the extreme C is substituted with a hydroxyl group.It has three isomers having the systematic name:
- 2-methyl-1-propanol - branched chain hydrocarbon with a methyl group on the second hydroxyl group and at the first carbon atom;
- 2-butanol - linear hydrocarbon structure having a hydroxyl group at the second carbon atom;
- 2-methyl-2-propanol - hydrocarbon branched structure with a methyl and a hydroxyl group at the second carbon atom.
Trivial names for the same substances in the same sequence: iso-butanol (isobutyl alcohol), sec-butanol and tert-butanol.
molecules butanol isomers different structure, however, all four substances of the general formula C4H9OH have different melting points, boiling point and other characteristics.Thus, for example, butyl and isobutyl alcohols have limited solubility, whereas the two other isomers are completely miscible with water.This is because the structure of all alcohols (CnH2n + 1OH) has a hydroxyl group, which affects the polarity, which contributes to the increase in water solubility.At the same time, increase in the number of carbon atoms in the molecule complicates this process.If primary alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol are completely miscible with water, then n-butanol - moderately.
tert-butyl alcohol (aka 2-methyl-2-propanol or tert-butanol) - is the simplest tertiary alcohol.It is a clear liquid (or colorless solid).This alcohol is readily soluble in water, mixed with diethyl ether and ethanol.It is unique among the isomers of butanol, because it can harden at room temperature and melt at temperatures slightly above 25 ° C.Tert-butanol is a byproduct in the manufacture of propylene oxide isobutane.Furthermore, it can be obtained by catalytic hydration of isobutylene.
Like many other alcohol, butyl alcohol is a harmful substance.But he showed a low level of toxicity, when tested on laboratory animals, so is safe enough to substances and is used in cosmetics.However, getting it through the skin into the human body can cause central nervous system depression.Contact with alcohol in their eyes causes severe irritation, getting it on your skin - a moderate.In most cases, butanol rapidly metabolized to carbon dioxide.The main danger is the result of prolonged exposure to vapors.Severe poisoning manifested suppression of the central nervous system and can cause death.
term "technical alcohol" often applies to ethanol, but it can also be attributed to other habits.For example, when butanol is considered as a component of motor fuel.It works more efficiently than ethanol, as the energy that is produced by the combustion of the same amount of fuel at the C4H9OH higher than C2H5OH.Butanol may be used as an additive to diesel fuel, thereby reducing the soot content in the exhaust gases.
butyl alcohol is mainly used as a solvent or auxiliary products for chemical synthesis, as well as fuel.As the solvent used in the chemical and textile industries.It is also a component of hydraulic and brake fluids, or is, despite its alcoholic flavor, the basis for the perfume.
