United Nations - one of the most influential international agencies.The solution to many key issues reflecting the global political and economic processes going on at the level of UN agencies.
The structure of the United Nations includes almost all the sovereign states of the world.At the diplomatic level, even marked United Nations Day.As this structure is formed?Which countries have initiated the creation of the UN?What kind of tasks was designed to deal with the organization historically and in what directions it works now?
UN: Understanding
United Nations - one of the largest international organizations, whose main objective - the maintenance of peace and security at the global level as well as promote the development of cooperation between the countries.A key document that reflects principles of the United Nations - the Charter.It states, in particular, that the goals of the United Nations - is to prevent threats to peace, as well as their removal, implementation of procedures to resolve conflicts through peaceful means, promote the development of friendly relations between the peoples of the world, on the basis of equal rights and self-determination of nations.Also, the Charter states that the United Nations seeks to develop cooperation between the two countries in economic, social aspects, cultural and humanitarian spheres.
The UN consists of 193 countries.The structure of the United Nations may enter only those States that are recognized at the international diplomatic level.If this criterion is met if the country is to determine the structure of the UN as a "peace-loving" ready to assume the obligations of the Charter and is able to fulfill them, the door to the Organization for her open.Admission of new countries in the UN General Assembly is carried out with the participation of the Security Council.At the same five states, is constantly present in the Security Council, can veto the Assembly's decision on the adoption of the United Nations of the new state.
noted that the state can also have the status of not only a UN member, but also an observer.It generally precedes the subsequent accession of the country to the Organization.Observer status of gets into the voting in the General Assembly.For the approval of the decision requires a majority of votes.Feature observer status at the United Nations that they may also be unrecognized states.However, it is known that such a period of time were quite sovereign powers - Austria, Finland, Japan.Later they acquired the status of a full member of the United Nations.
General Assembly of the United Nations is the lead advisory body.It is formed of representatives of the countries of the United Nations.Each State has an equal right to vote.Another important UN body - the Security Council.The competence of the structure - the responsibility for the world in the global plane.UNSC classifies threats arising in various parts of the world as possible precedents of aggression.The basic method of the Security Council - the settlement of conflicts by peaceful means, the development of relevant recommendations of its sides.In some cases, the UN Security Council is empowered to authorize the use of military force to restore order.The Security Council is formed of 15 countries.Five of them - permanent (Russia, France, China, Britain and the US).The General Assembly appoints the remaining term of two years.
The organization provides another body - the UN Secretariat.It is headed by a person holding the position of Secretary-General.Candidates for this position puts the Security Council.UN Secretary General appoints the General Assembly.
official UN languages - six.These consistently ranked Russian.Among other - the most common in the world of English, Chinese, Arabic and Spanish, and French.Regarding the practical use of the official languages - they are issued key documents of the resolutions.Also on the respective dialects published reports, transcripts.Speeches at sessions are translated into the official languages.
The United Nations system includes several independently existing structures.Among the largest - UNESCO, the IAEA.
headquarters of the organization is located in New York.
consider how the function key UN agencies in more detail.
General Assembly
As we said above, this body - a key aspect in the deliberative, policymaking and representative of the UN activities.The General Assembly forms the basic principles of international cooperation on issues of peace, coordinates the interaction between the states in various fields.The powers of the authority prescribed in the UN Charter.The General Assembly works on sessions - regular, special or emergency.
As a part of the main deliberative organ of the United Nations - several committees.The competence of each - a narrow range of issues.For example, there is the Committee on Disarmament and International Security.There is an appropriate body, dealing with the problems of social and humanitarian character.There is a committee in charge of the - legal issues.There are structures responsible for checking the powers of decision of political, administrative and budgetary matters.Also functions of the General Committee.He is in charge of the Assembly such aspects as agenda and common issues related to the organization of discussions.It consists of several officials.Among them - the head of the General Assembly, his deputies, heads of other committees.
UN General Assembly, as we have said, may be to work within the framework of special sessions.Convener they can based on the orders of the Security Council.Theme sessions may be different - for example, related to human rights.As we said above, the formation of the United Nations has been largely due to the need for international control of the problems in this area.
Security Council UN Security Council - the structure, in which there are special competence issues related to peace and security.We have already noted that the establishment of the United Nations was predetermined in many ways to meet the challenges is such a profile.In the Security Council, as we have said above, consists of 5 states on a permanent basis, they are endowed with the right of veto.What is the procedure?The basic principle here is the same as that of a parliamentary veto.
If a decision of the UN Security Council does not share the States that are permanent members of the body, they can block its final adoption.Interesting fact: a citizen of a country within the Security Council on a regular basis, can not be elected to the UN Secretary General.
UN Secretariat
The framework of the United Nations is called upon to perform administrative functions mainly in the aspect of implementation of the adopted programs.Basically it is the work associated with the publication of the texts of the resolutions and other decisions, entering information in the archives, registration of international agreements, and so on. D. The Secretariat has about 44 thousand professionals working in different countries.The major structures of the body are functioning in New York, Nairobi, as well as in European cities - Geneva and Vienna.
International Court of Justice
there in the structure of the United Nations and also the court.It is assumed that the judges who form it, work independently with respect to the interests of states which represent.In addition, the work of the UN should be the only professional of their employment.In total, the relevant UN agencies present 15 judges.Each of them has a special kind of immunity, and can also enjoy a number of diplomatic privileges.Parties to the dispute to be solved in the Court of Justice, may be exclusively the state.Citizens and legal entities can not be a plaintiff or defendant.
UN Council
in the structure of the UN is present a few tips - economic and social, as well as the head of the guardianship issues (though it will function only until November 1, 1994, after which it was suspended).First Council is addressing problems related to the socio-economic cooperation between the states.It generates six commissions set up on a geographical basis.That is, for example, there are Economic Commission for Europe, it is the one that operates in Africa and West Asia.
institutions
UN Charter suggests that the leading bodies may form support structures.So, there was several other UN agencies.Among the most famous - the IAEA, the World Health Organization, UNICEF, UNESCO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
history UN
interesting aspect of the study of the United Nations - history.The United Nations was formally established October 24, 1945.By the day the majority of states that have signed the UN Charter, ratified the document.However, the concept of the United Nations, according to some historians, began to be developed in the years of World War II.In particular, it may be noted that in January 1942, the member states of the bloc, waging war against the Nazis, have signed the document, which was called the Declaration of the United Nations.In the fall of 1944, the "Dumbarton Oaks" - located in Washington mansion - the conference was held with the participation of the USSR, USA, Great Britain and China.It states determine how international relations will develop after World War II, as well as what may look like the basic structure of the regulatory process.
In February 1945 took place the famous Yalta Conference.She heads of leading allied countries announced their intention to create a structure on a global scale, whose main task will be to maintain peace.In April of the same year, the San Francisco conference was held with the participation of 50 countries in order to develop the Charter of the United Nations.The total number of participants was about 3.5 thousand. People, as well as more than 2500 journalists, documentary makers and observers.In June 1945, the United Nations Charter was adopted and soon signed by representatives of 50 states.By virtue of this document came, as we have said above, 24 October 1945.This United Nations Day is celebrated on an official level.
There is a version that the United Nations - an organization which became the legal successor of other international organizations - the League of Nations, which functioned until the Second World War.However, many experts note, the task of the new organization has become much more global, both in theoretical concepts embodied in the Charter and formed during practices.
interesting fact is that the original of the United Nations on the rights of sovereign states actually included two former republics of the Soviet Union on the Rights of the Union - Belarusian and Ukrainian Soviet Union.Also, the organization became formally dependent on Britain, India, the Philippines, under the protectorate of the United States.
UN budget
Financing of the United Nations carried out through the budget of the organization.In the process of its formation it includes all States that belong to the UN.The budget proposed by the Secretary general of the fact of agreement with the competent bodies of the Organization.Then, the corresponding document is being examined by the Advisory Committee and other agencies as part of the UN.Upon the recommendation of analysts sent in turn to the budget committee.After - in the General Assembly for final adjustment and approval.
UN budget is formed by membership fees member states of the organization.The main criterion here - the economic situation of the country is mainly determined on the basis of the size of the GDP, as well as with a number of adjustments taking into account the income of the population and external debts.States are now making to the UN budget the largest amount of funds - the US, Japan, Germany.In the top 10 of largest membership fees and also includes Russia.
Declaration and the UN Convention
Among the documents distributed by the United Nations publishes regularly in the course of its activities - declarations and conventions.What is their specificity?First of all, it should be noted that, in contrast to the Constitution, these documents do not oblige the state to fulfill the provisions therein.The United Nations, as well as the declaration - it is mainly advisory, as experts believe, the source.However, countries can ratify a treaty, declaration or convention at the national level.The most famous document of the UN experts consider such as, for example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted in 1948), the Kyoto Protocol (1997), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989).
UN activities
What are the practical role of the United Nations in the processes taking place on the planet?Among the key areas - peacekeeping.It can be expressed in the following Activity:
- the study of conflict incidents, initiating negotiations with the parties involved;
- check fulfillment of the agreements prescribing the cease-fire;
- activities related to the maintenance of order, compliance with the rules of law;
- humanitarian assistance;
- monitoring of conflict situations.
Among possible UN instruments in this area - conducting peacekeeping operations.An interesting fact is that there is no such information in the UN Charter.The United Nations can initiate the corresponding operations on the basis of its objectives and principles.Anyway, the practical options for the resolution of conflicts - in the competence of the UN Security Council.This structure decides how to organize the peace process, as well as how to monitor the implementation of the decisions taken.
Another important activity of the United Nations - to monitor the situation with human rights.As we have noted above, the United Nations in 1948, issued a corresponding declaration.After the development of this document, the UN General Assembly recommended that member states of the organization, promote the basic provisions of the Declaration, special attention is given to the publication of relevant information in schools.
United Nations is actively engaged in providing humanitarian assistance.The reason for the events of this type may be natural disasters, military conflicts and crises.Help can be provided both in terms of the supply of basic necessities, as well as in promoting economic recovery, health, education.
