In statistical demography, urbanization - a process of urban development of the device.It is characterized by the growth of the territory and the increase in population.For several centuries, this concept is used as a strategy for the development of countries with different socio-economic indicators and systems.
It should be noted that urbanization - a process that depends on various factors: political, ethnic, economic, psychological, religious, etc.Since the 19th century, there has been a sharp increase in the growth of cities and the population in them.If in 1800 the number of city dwellers around the world amounted to 5%, by 1980 this figure increased by eight times.
«urbanization" - the definition of the term first appeared in Spain in 1867.What caused this process?On the socio-philosophical point of view, urbanization - is the transition from the traditional social order to the new industrial.The increase in urban population is due to the transformation of rural settlements into urban type, the formation of new metropolises and migrations.In some large cities, an increase in the population, not only by the residents of the periphery, but also because of the foreign workers, often undocumented.Also characteristic for many mega-cities commuting as residents of neighborhoods go to work at the center.
stages of urbanization
first period refers to the 18-20 centuries and encompasses the developing countries of North America and Western Europe.During this time, urbanization has caused population growth from 5% to 13%, the number of citizens increased by 180 mln. People.The reason was the colonial policy of the United Kingdom and other European countries.
second period dates back from the time of approval of imperialism (1900-1950 gg.).It is characterized by an active industrial development of most countries, the growth of large cities.For 50 years the number of residents has increased by 100 thousand. Man.
The third stage is called the "global".Beginning in the 20th century, this period is closely linked to scientific and technological revolution.It led to a new, more qualitative level of industrial production and many other industries.
modern urbanization - is one of the most important factors of globalization around the world.It refers mainly to the major cities, which are home to at least 500 thousand. Residents.
functions
Organization-uniting - to spread the culture and way of life of the city from the center to the provinces.
differentiated.In the process of development of particular areas of achievements of spiritual and material culture of the city, among them there are very specific and even unique activities.
a result of the interaction of different types of settlements (villages, towns and agglomerations), significantly increases the adaptive capacity of the social sphere, developing spiritual and material culture.
However, urbanization has both negative traits.This uneven development of the central and peripheral cities, pollution, stress and mental disorders on the basis of rapidly increasing density of space intended for normal human activity.
There is also the notion of "false urbanization" - is one of the characteristics of the situation in developing countries.As a result of agrarian overpopulation in rural areas and their inhabitants, leaving the suburbs, forced to look for a new place of residence in the cities.In this case, the number of jobs is no longer sufficient for the employment of the population.Villagers, arriving in the city, join the ranks of the unemployed, and the absence of many of them housing causes uncomfortable margins and unsanitary conditions.
