environmental factors are determined by climatic conditions, as well as soil and water.
Classification
There are several classifications of abiotic factors.One of the most popular divides them into such components:
- physical factors (light, temperature, barometric pressure, humidity);
- chemical factors (composition of the atmosphere, minerals and organic matter in the soil, the pH level in the soil and other)
- mechanical factors (wind, landslides, water movement, and soil, terrain, etc.)
Abiotic environmental factors significantlyaffect the distribution of species and determine their area, ie,geographical area, which is the habitat of various organisms.
temperature
Particular importance is attached temperature, as this key indicator.Depending on the temperature, environmental factors different thermal zones, which are associated with living organisms in nature.It - cold, temperate, tropical and subtropical zones.The temperature, which is favorable for the life of organisms, is called optimal.Almost all organisms are able to live in a range from 0 ° - 50 ° C.
Depending on the ability of living organisms to exist in different temperature conditions, they are classified as:
- eurythermal organisms adapted to the conditions of sharp temperature fluctuations;
- stenothermal organisms existing in a narrow temperature range.
eurythermal find organisms that live mainly in areas where a continental climate.These organisms are able to withstand severe temperature fluctuations (Diptera larvae, bacteria, algae, worms).Some eurythermal organisms can fall into a state of hibernation, if the "tougher" temperature factor.Metabolism in this state is greatly reduced (badgers, bears, etc.).
stenothermal organisms can be both among plants and animals.For example, the majority of marine animals survive at temperatures up to 30 ° C.
animals were divided in their ability to maintain their own temperature regulation, ie,a constant body temperature, the so-called poikilothermic and homeothermic.The former can change its temperature, whereas the second, it is always constant.All mammals and some birds are homeothermic animals.To poikilothermic include all organisms except certain species of birds and mammals.The body temperature of them is close to ambient temperature.In the course of the evolution of animals belonging to homoiothermal, adapted to protect themselves from the cold (hibernation, migration, fur, etc.).
Light
environmental factors - is the light and its intensity.Its importance is especially great for photosynthesizing plants.On the level of photosynthesis affects the intensity of solar radiation, the qualitative composition of the light distribution of light over time.However, the known bacteria and fungi that can reproduce long time in the dark.Plants are divided into light-loving, teplovynoslivye and heat-loving.
important for many animals daylight duration, which affects sexual function by increasing it during the long days and oppressed under short photoperiod (autumn or winter).
Humidity Humidity is a complex factor and represents the amount of water vapor in the air and water in the soil.The level of humidity depends lifespan of cells, and, accordingly, the whole body.On soil moisture influences rainfall, the depth of water in the soil and other conditions.Moisture is needed for dissolving minerals.
Abiotic factors aquatic
Chemical factors are not inferior in importance to physical factors.A large role is played by the gas composition of the atmosphere, as well as the composition of the aqueous medium.Almost all organisms require oxygen, and a number of organisms - in nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or methane.
physical abiotic factors of the environment is part of the gas, which is extremely important for those living beings that inhabit the aquatic environment.In the waters of the Black Sea, for example, a lot of hydrogen sulfide, which is why this pool is considered to be not very favorable for many organisms.Salinity - an important component of the aquatic environment.Most aquatic animals living in saline waters, less - in fresh water and even less - in a slightly brackish water.On the distribution and reproduction of aquatic animals affected by the ability to maintain the salt composition of the internal environment.
