biomass of our planet is made up of representatives of all the kingdoms of nature: animals, plants, fungi, viruses, bacteria.The number of representatives from each kingdom is so great that one can only wonder how we are placed on earth.But in spite of this diversity, all living things on the planet brings together several key features.
commonality of all living
proofs consist of a few basic features of living organisms:
- need for food (consumption of energy and its conversion within the body);
- needs breathing (biological oxidation);
- ability to reproduce;
- growth and development throughout the life cycle.
Any of these processes is represented in the body mass of chemical reactions.Every second inside any living creature, and especially human, there are hundreds of fusion reactions and decomposition of organic molecules.The structure, particularly chemical exposure, interaction with each other, synthesis, and the collapse of the construction of new structures of molecules of organic and inorganic structures - all the subject matter of a large, diverse, and interesting science.Biochemistry - is a young progressive field of knowledge, which studies all the chemical processes that take place inside living beings.
object
object of study Biochemistry are only living organisms and all the processes occurring in them life.Namely - the chemical reactions taking place in the absorption of food, the allocation of waste products, growth and development.Thus, the study of the basics of biochemistry:
- non-cellular life forms - viruses.
- prokaryotic bacteria.
- higher and lower plants.
- animals of all known classes.
- humans.
This biochemistry itself - is a relatively young science that emerged only with the accumulation of sufficient knowledge of the internal processes in living beings.Its emergence and separation dates from the second half of the XIX century.
Modern biochemistry Forums
At the present stage of development of biochemistry includes several major sections, which are presented in the table.
| Section | Determination | object of study |
| Dynamic biochemistry | Learns chemical reactions that underlie the interconversion of the molecules inside the body |
Metabolites - simple molecules and derivatives thereof resulting from the exchange of energy;monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, amino acids |
| static biochemistry | Learns chemical composition within the body and structure of molecules | vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, hormones |
| Bioenergy | engaged in the study of the absorption, accumulation and transformation of energy in living biological systems | One section of dynamic biochemistry |
| Functional Biochemistry | Learning the details of all the physiological processes of the body |
nutrition and digestion, respiration, regulation of acid-base balance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse, the regulation of liver and kidneys, the immune and lymphatic systems, and so on |
| Medical Biochemistry (Biochemistry person) | Learning metabolism in humans (in healthy organisms and diseases) | Animal experiments enable us to derive pure cultures of pathogenic bacteria that cause disease in humans, and to find ways to deal with them |
Thus, we can saythat biochemistry - is a set of small Sciences, which cover all the variety of complex internal processes of living systems.
Subsidiaries science
over time have accumulated so many different knowledge and emerged as scientific processing skills of research results, elimination of bacterial colonies, DNA replication and RNA integration obviously known regions of the genome with the desired properties and so on, that there was a need for more sciencewho are children of biochemistry.It is such sciences as:
- molecular biology;
- genetic engineering;
- genetic surgery;
- molecular genetics;
- enzymology;
- immunology;
- molecular biophysics.
Each of these areas of knowledge has a lot of achievements in the study of biological processes in living biological systems, it is therefore very important.All of them belong to the sciences of the XX century.
reasons for the intensive development of biochemistry and subsidiaries Sciences
in 1958 opened the Koran and its gene structure, and then in 1961 was deciphered genetic code.Then, it was found the structure of the DNA molecule - the double-stranded structure, capable of replication (self-renewal).Described all the details of metabolic processes (anabolism and catabolism), studied tertiary and quaternary structure of the protein molecule.And this is not a complete list of grandiose largest discoveries of the XX century, which form the basis of biochemistry.All of these discoveries belong to biochemists and science itself as such.Therefore, the preconditions for its development are many.There are several reasons for its modern dynamism and intensity in the formation.
- revealed the foundations of most chemical processes occurring in living organisms.
- formulated the principle of unity in the majority of physiological and energetic processes of all living beings (for example, they are the same in bacteria and humans).
- Medical Biochemistry provides a key to the treatment of the mass of a variety of complex and dangerous diseases.
- Using biochemistry became possible to get close to solving most global issues of biology and medicine.
Hence the conclusion: Biochemistry - a progressive, important and very broad spectral science enables us to find answers to many questions of humanity.
Biochemistry in Russia
biochemistry in our country is the same progressive and important science, as in the whole world.In Russia there are Institute of Biochemistry.AN Bach Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms.Skryabin Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences.Our scientists played a major role and a lot of merit in the history of science.For example, a method has been opened immunoelektrofareza mechanisms glycolysis principle is formulated in the structure of the complementary nucleotide DNA molecule and made a number of other important discoveries.At the end of the XIX and early XX century.mainly it was formed not entire institutions, and the Department of Biochemistry at some of the universities.However, it soon became necessary to expand the space for the study of the science with regard to its intensive development.
biochemical processes of plants
biochemistry of plants is inextricably linked to physiological processes.In general, the subject of study of biochemistry and physiology of plants is:
- vital functions of plant cells;
- photosynthesis;
- breathing;
- water treatment plants;
- mineral nutrition;
- crop quality and physiology of its formation;
- plant resistance to pests and adverse environmental conditions.
value for agriculture
deep knowledge of the processes of biochemistry in plant cells and tissues allow to improve the quality and quantity of the harvest of cultural crops, which are mass producers of important food for all mankind.In addition, plant physiology and biochemistry enable us to find solutions to the problems of infestation, plant resistance to adverse environmental conditions, make it possible to improve the quality of crop production.
