Few people know that the majority of terms denoting a modern system of government, has its origin in ancient Rome ....Power advanced control system happened before in antiquity - such as Egypt, China, Greece.However, the monarchy device is fully subordinated to the will of the officials of Pharaoh, or the king, and democracy in ancient Greece were limited outside the polis (city and surrounding area).In the epoch of the Republic raised the question of the distribution of administrative responsibilities between the elected representatives of the aristocracy and the people (plebs), as well as to delegate their powers and their limitations.It was at this time and coined the term "official" - a concept very close to us in its meaning.
In Russian, the word associated with the word "duty".But, in contrast to the "debtor", the concept of "position" and "official" have a positive connotation.The man with the rank of - a representative of the state in a certain area, limited his authority and personifies power.Scale of the ranks in the bureaucracy has its own hierarchy (from the head to the deputies and the various advisors and assistants) and horizontal (equal when the authorities may suspend or revoke the decision of his colleagues).
official in ancient Rome elected only from free-born men (freedman could not be elected, and his son was able to) have reached a certain age.Not only will each rank had carefully written in the law the minimum age of powers, so also shall specify the period for which it was possible to do this, the possibility of being re-elected, and regional boundaries, which expanded the jurisdiction of this post.For example, the power of the consuls was limited to the walls of the city, and proconsuls ruled the countryside beyond.With respect to the other citizens of a manager, even the high-born, were privati - private persons, subordinates.
was in Rome, and the highest official called "Imperium" Sovereignty - "potestas" - passed him by kings dorespublikanskogo period.The procedure for granting such authorization was registered in a special curiata law.These officials have the right to convene the Senate and the comitia (meeting people), to make their bills, make presentations.When the country was in danger at the time of elected dictator, who passed all the supreme power.This man had the sole right to govern.Often the title attached to his election goal - such as "dictator because of the war."Some elected at the extraordinary positions proclaimed himself lifelong stewards (Cornelius Sulla, Gaius Julius Caesar).This post abolished only Marcus Aurelius.By the way, such powers endowed officials not only at the time of the danger looming over the country."Dictator hammering a nail" - the so-called position of manager during religious festivals.
official during the period of the Republic does not receive a salary.It was a title of honor.Each corresponds to a certain order of toga - it was stored at the host, and after leaving his position in it and buried it.Some of the positions raised the whole family in the social rank - the sons of those who were in the curule rank, considered aristocrats;himself the carrier of this title became the ancestor of his name, his wax death mask and kept revered descendants.Also dignitaries had reserved seats in the boxes at the amphitheater.Starting with the Quaestors, who left the position of the people had the right to be elected to the Senate.
Being in the service of the Republic, an official was limited to the right to appeal and appeal.Petition for review of the decision could apply People's Assembly, the Senate or equal colleague manager.Ranks can be permanent, not limited period of validity, although many positions people were appointed for not more than 36 months.These posts were treated praetors, consuls, quaestors, aediles and censors.With the exception of the tribunes, at such places in ancient Rome mostly pretended families aristocrats.Their career was predictable: youth in the rank of officer of the Legion, then in 27 years Quaestorship, 37 - aedile in 40 - Pretoria, 43 - consul or censor.
