in the chemical literature and daily life use organic biosoedineny names based on different nomenclature systems.There is a need to meet their basic principles.
nomenclature of organic compounds.
In our time, to name the same organic matter often use three nomenclature: historical, or trivial (in French means casual, unoriginal), rational (intelligent, purposeful) and academic or scientific systematic, developed by IUPAC.
trivial nomenclature of organic compounds originated by chance, at the opening of an organic substance.The names often reflect the natural sources from which first obtained the organic compound (ethyl alcohol, urea, cane sugar, lactate, acetate, citrate, formic acid), methods for producing substances (ether sulfur), the names of the scientists who discovered the compound (Lewis acid, a hydrocarbonChichibabina, Michler's ketone).Sometimes these names were random (methane, acetone, asparagine, carbohydrates).Rational
nomenclature organic compounds
It is based on the trivial names of simple substances, typical of the class of organic compounds in the molecule, one or more of Hydrogen atoms substituted by another atom or atomic groups.For example, ethane at a rational nomenclature called metilmetanom;ethanol (derived simplest alcohol carbinol) - metilkarbinolom;propionic acid - methyl acetate acid etc.However, for more complex biological structures, this nomenclature of organic matter is unsuitable.Therefore, it required the creation of new scientific nomenclature, in which the name biosoedineniya and its structure must match.
scientific nomenclature of organic compounds created by IUPAC is the most accurate of the above presented.According to its rules, each of the organic material, or open previously synthesized, and the synthesized today, assigned the scientific name, which is used by chemists all over the world.
Basics nomenclature adopted at the initiative of the German organic chemist A. Hoffmann (1818-1892) in 1892 at the International Congress of Chemists in Geneva (the nomenclature of organic compounds called Geneva).With the development of organic chemistry it is improved and supplemented.On the IUPAC Congress in London (1947) developed and approved by the current provisions of the names of organic compounds in the form of "Regulations of the IUPAC nomenclature."
When IUPAC (Geneva) created permanent commissions, in an open and synthesized a new organic compounds provide accurate scientific names.In the former USSR published three volumes of the "rules of the IUPAC nomenclature" (1st and 2nd vol. 1979, 3rd m. - 1983).In accordance with these rules, the name of compounds consists of verbal designation fragments structures and characters showing the communication method fragments.
proposed four ways education titles IUPAC: 1) replacement - the basis for the name of taking one piece, and the second is considered as the deputy of Hydrogen, for example, (C6H5) 2CH - diphenylmethane, 2) connection, according to which the name of the compound building of several equal molecules,e.g. C6H5-C6H5 - biphenyl;3) functional radical in which the basis here supposed name of the functional group, and the name of a radical, such as CH = CHC1 - vinyl chloride, and 4) variation replacement nomenclature is used in naming hydrogen organic compounds composed of molecules which include nekarbonovye atoms.
in everyday work often use the principles of radical functional and substitution methods IUPAC nomenclature.
