First, let's define the concept of psychology.Literally - the science of the soul.Psychology as an independent discipline established only in the last century, after the experimental facilities and the natural physiological basis.
What role does psychology in modern life?
With this science can be encountered not only as a scientific discipline, but also to meet her in the fashion magazines, radio and television broadcasts in the form of psychological tests, psychologists recommendations known couples, businessmen and so on. N.
As part of modernSociety Psychology of life has several meanings.It:
- Practical role - assist in solving the real problems concerning the industrial activity, the difficulties of life, the right choice of profession, to adapt to the team, family relationships;The correct approach to training managers, colleagues, subordinates, relatives.
- Developmental role - application received psychological knowledge to himself through self-observation, professional psychological instruments (for example, test).
- General cultural role - the mastery of different cultures through the acquisition of psychological knowledge (the works of prominent Russian and foreign scientists).
- theoretical part - study of fundamental problems.
Social Psychology in modern society
Over the past few years, the society has moved from a state of euphoria, anticipation associated with favorable expectations regarding the scientific and technical progress (NTP), a so-called state of frustration (real vision of the negative consequences of influence STP).
first consequence - the divergence of humanitarian and technical knowledge.This is particularly noticeable in the work of technical specialists.They were preparing for a systematic development of technology and production.The intelligence of such a specialist, as well as his skills, ability, mentality and psychology, focused only on solving technical problems.Technicism manifested in absolute any modern professional activity corresponding to the required knowledge and approaches.The investigation of the displacement of the individual needs of the universal.A particular manifestation of the above process is a tragic development of environmental and military situation in the world today.
Among the various sciences, centered on the person, particular importance is given to sociological and humanities, in particular, social psychology.It will contribute to the process of neutralizing the above-mentioned technical approaches with regards to issues of worldview.Social knowledge will help to see the depth and the complexity of real human relationships.
professional activity, for example, engineer (converter, research, cognitive, and others.) - It is not only direct contact with the object being analyzed (engineering, technology, design), but also a living human communication (in addition to setting goals, decision-making, there isand coordination of group ideas and goals, the ability to resolve conflicts vnutrikollektivnye).All these are manifestations of special interpersonal communication, requiring special engineering of socio-psychological knowledge and culture, which he must acquire during the training.
Psychology of life (as the science of the soul) should help modern society, along with the development of technology and technology evolve in the socio-psychological and humanitarian aspects.
Fundamentals of Human Psychology
individual - some people with inherent unique features (the human race).
We all know the expression: "Man is born and becomes a person."For a newborn baby - it is an individual, but is not yet a person.If around the conditions are favorable, he will grow with it.But there is another outcome: children raised outside of society (who do not know the language and the generally accepted social norms), often do not fall under the category of person.Also it is not defined as the person individuals leading a vegetative life;not interoperable (due to genetic defects, or all sorts of injuries).For non-personal concern and serial killers, maniacs and other psycho- and sociopaths.
Personality - a lifetime education (system) showing the social essence of the real type of man as an active transducer and meaningful world of knowledge of the subject.
Individuality - a personality in all its originality (a combination of personal and individual properties that distinguishes one person from another).It can manifest itself in the specifics of either sense or mind, or will, or all at once.
What profpsihologiya?
This is a new branch of applied psychology that studies the laws of personality, in professional orientation, professionalization of phenomenology, the specifics of professional self-determination, as well as the psychological costs of this process.
in almost everyone's life professional activity an important place.With the birth of their child parents are starting to think about his future, watching inclinations and interests.
before school graduates, usually there is a problem with regards to the choice of future profession.Unfortunately, very often educational institutions are chosen randomly.Upon receipt of the majority of young people above the problem is solved completely.Many are disappointed in his choice already in the 1st year of study, some - at the beginning of employment, while others - after several years of work on the profile.Professional Psychology - an industry that has been studying the regularities in the formation of intentions, the choice of profession, mastering it.
its object - interaction with the person of the profession.Research Center - profrazvitie identity, professional self-determination.
specific analysis methods are based on the formation of profpsihologii:
- professional psychobiography;
- critical incidents;
- proforientirovannoy graphology;
- expert assessment of professionalism;
- flashbacks professional crises;
- reflection of professional deformation, and others.
interpretation of the concept of "psychological correction»
this direction certain psychological manipulation of structures, carried out in order to ensure the full development of the individual, as well as its full-fledged operation.
This term became widespread in the 70s (at a time when psychologists began diligently practicing psychotherapy, as a rule, group).While constantly open a discussion on the topic regarding the possibility to carry out medical psychologists (psychotherapy) the activities for which they in fact have been prepared by the initial formation of the psychological as well as possible.It argued consistently in practice.However, psychotherapy - mostly medical practice.She can deal exclusively with persons with higher medical education.In this regard, a distinction was introduced tacit: the doctor spends psychotherapy and psychology - Psychological correction.Yet the questions that relate to therapy and correction of (psychological), and open at the moment.
Accepted provide two points of view on this point:
1. Full identity considered above concepts.But it is not considered that the correction (psychological) as directed manipulation is realized not only in medical practice (in three main application areas: psychotherapy, rehabilitation and psycho-prophylaxis), but also in other areas, such as in teaching.Even in everyday life can be traced its echoes.
2. Correction (psychological) is designed to address problems psychoprophylaxis (all stages), and especially for secondary and subsequent prevention.However, this hard limit the scope of the procedure in question seems, so to speak, artificially: relatively neuroses clearly define terms such as psychological correction, treatment, prevention, therapy fails because the neurosis - disease, occurring over time (not always possible to track the stage of pre-diseaseof the disease, and the treatment consists mainly of secondary prevention).
also today within the framework of the rehabilitation treatment of diseases are increasingly integrated approach that takes into account the presence in the etiopathogenesis of social, biological and psychological factors, all of which require corrective treatment or manipulation appropriate to the nature.In a situation where the psychological factor in certain diseases is regarded as an etiological, his professional correction largely coincides with one of the components of the therapeutic process, psychotherapy.
Set regards the general scheme of the relations considered above concepts nosology is often impossible.The role of psychological factors in the etiopathogenesis within a particular disease causes orientation of psychotherapeutic methods of solving problems, allowing to identify the methods of psychological correction and psychotherapy.
Comparison of psychological correction with a psychological intervention
result - the obvious similarities.Correction (psychological), as well as psychological intervention, regarded as a deliberate psychological impact realized in various spheres of human activity and is carried through psychological means.
Both performs the same function.In foreign literature, is more common notion of "psychological intervention", and domestic - "psychological correction."
methods of psychological correction
They are diverse, they can be classified conditionally, based on the specifics of their main approaches:
1. Behavioral (deviations are treated as the principles of behaviorism: psychotherapy and psychological correction associated with the need to create optimum patient behavioral skills; different types of mental disorders determined maladaptive behavior).
Here methods are used, which can be roughly classified into three groups:
- kontrobuslovlivaniya (break negative strengthen the links between reactions and irritant and (or) its replacement by a new (used in practice such methods of psychology, as a combination of pleasant effects of the unpleasant for the patientsituation or vice versa);
- operant techniques (use of rewards for desirable, according to the therapist's actions);
- methods based on the views sotsiobihevioristov (presentation of a doctor the most appropriate model of behavior).
2. The activity (correction by organizingspecial learning process, the result of which - the management and control of internal and external activity).
3. cognitivist (basis - the theory describing the identity of the organization as a specific cognitive structures, the use of "personal designers," allowing to put forward relevant hypotheses about the world).
4. Psychoanalytic (to help the patient to identify the unconscious causes of serious experiences, painful manifestations through their development).
5. Existential-Humanistic (based on the philosophy of existentialism).
6. Gestalt therapy (restoration of the continuity of the human mind).
7. Psychodrama (modeling in theatrical form of the band situation, proposed one of the patients, and based on real events in his life, or stories of his dreams).
8. body-oriented (based on a system of "Vegetoterapiya" B. Reich, "blooming muscular armor", which subsequently helps a person to release energy and thus relieve his mental suffering).
9. psychosynthesis (subpersonalities play an important role - separate personalities within each person, which in the course of therapy, the patient meets and learns to separate them from their real "I").
10. Transpersonal (helping the patient to meet his own unconscious, and relevant experience to live through the use of the method of "holotropic breathing").
methods psychodiagnosis
They are as follows:
- Blank (offer subject is a series of questions and judgments).
- Questionnaires methods of psychological diagnosis (asking the subject of oral questions).
- Picturesque (created by the use of test pictures or interpretation of their finished images).
- Project (use of the above methods).
- Objectively-manipulation methods of psychological diagnosis (the representation in the form of different kinds of real objects solved test tasks).
Goals psychocorrection child
As part of the national psychology, they are set by the laws of the psychological understanding of the evolution of the child as actively developing the activity of the process, which is being implemented in collaboration with an adult.
objectives of psychological correction are formed on the basis of:
- optimize the social situation of the observed development;
- age and psychological formation of new formations;
- of different activities observed child.
There are rules that should govern the specification of objectives under consideration correction, namely:
- They should be formulated in a positive manner.
- objectives of psychological correction must be sufficiently realistic.
- They certainly include projections of current and future development of the child for the systematic revision of correctional programs.
- It must be remembered that the psychological adjustment of children gives significant results only after a long period of time (in the course of therapy, to its completion, six months after it).
The professional activities of correctional and developing orientation of educational psychologist specialized agencies applying subgroup, group and individual forms of work.Psychological adjustment and development of the child by one form or another is determined depending on its features (the expression of affective problems, age, rates of perception of the material, and others.).
program psychocorrection behavior of adolescents with mental retardation
Education socially appropriate behavior - the most important goal of correctional pedagogy.The program of psychological correction of the behavior of children with mental retardation is quite a challenge due to the fact that there is currently weakened, deficient development, primarily base psychophysiological mechanisms of behavior (affective-volitional personality).
reason of mental disharmony homeostasis - acute cerebral insufficiency, block development of the nervous system.In connection with this correction of behavior - the most important trend in the process of working with adolescents with mental retardation.It should be aimed at reducing aggression in children and in the formation of their social and adequate approved behavior.
She engaged the specialized agencies, for example, the center of psychological correction "speech center of the family institution."The most important principle of his work - accounting degree and form of mental development of the child.
