in large parts of Russia during the feudal fragmentation coincided with the invasion of the Tatars.In this regard, during this period there was no self-government as such.The exception was the Novgorod feudal republic.Here, more than anywhere else in the country, showed the value of the Chamber as a powerful legislative body.In the 11-13 centuries.it is the Chamber has the largest number of features that made it remotely similar to the legislative body in the parliamentary system of government.
Novgorod Republic was formed over a long period.Before the establishment of the state system at different historical stages of the power of mayor, the prince and veche bodies had its own characteristics.Only the 15th century has found the final form of statehood.At the same time, however, there is a crisis in democratic institutions.
handicraft and trading republic, as the type of organization of power in the state, is considered to be unstable and short-lived structure.In this regard, the formation of this type of legislative bodies, according to historians, despite the rather high level of democracy, is a dead end.It is not possible to consider this form of state power as the laws for the whole country.
Novgorod Republic was influenced by several factors.Historians have identified two main reasons that caused a specific arrangement of political and social forces.
Firstly, ancient Novgorod was the hereditary possession of Rurik.The princes engaged in combating invasions of nomads, were interested in a tribute to the city.In Novgorod, the power was in the hands or the mayor, or the prince.The position of the city weakened the ability to frequently change the ruler.By the end of the 11th century Novgorod political leadership began to actively struggle for "pleasing to the princes."In some cases even set a kind of "dual power."Due to the frequent change of princes slowly developed princely estates, the system of vassalage.In 1126 Novgorod have got the right to choose from urban citizens regardless posadniks.Following unrest in 1136 - started to elect and princes.Thus, previously subordinate princes Administration turned into an elected body.
Secondly, Novgorod has a strong trade and business layers.The city's economy has contributed to a favorable environment for foreign and domestic trade.In this situation, we formed sufficiently powerful social strata owners (from large to small).In particular, stood out nobility.This class is concentrated in the hands of its political and economic potential, pushing thus princes.As a result of the Novgorod boyar republic characterized by the presence of oligarchic power.
Equally important in the socio-political formation of the system of government has been the geographical location of the region.Novgorod Republic was located in a relatively unfavorable natural area with harsh climatic conditions.This greatly hampered the development of agriculture (traditional in Russia).Poor was the development and production of bread.Most of the agricultural products (including bread) Novgorod had to be bought in the neighboring areas, exchanging them for crafts and goods imported from the West.Thus, geographic location contributed to the development of trade and craft of relations in the region.This, in turn, led to greater (than that of the Kievan state) economic independence and social importance of merchants and craftsmen, the development of infrastructure in cities.
as the main factor is the economic capital, and not the land.Thus was formed a special social structure and unusual (for medieval Russia) form of government in the state.
Novgorod republic to develop trade with foreign cities and other Russian principalities.
