Atomic Structure interested scientists long before its existence was proven scientifically.Thousands of years ago, Democritus, Greek philosopher and sage, suggested that any substance consists of tiny particles.And it was he who first used the word "atom".After his death, there was a group of Greek philosophers, whose members attempted to develop his views.They were called atomists.All these views are laid out Roman Lucretius in his famous work "On the Nature of Things."However, in more recent times, until the beginning of the Renaissance, dominated by the views of another Greek sage Aristotle, who categorically denied the existence of atoms.
the first to make an attempt to revive the teachings of Democritus, Boyle was an Englishman who argued his theory of "indivisible particles."He was echoed by Newton.However, scientific proof of the doctrine Dalton, a teacher of mathematics.Through experiments with gases, he noted that the ratio of the particles of hydrogen and oxygen, which are involved in a chemical reaction, always corresponds to a certain proportion.The latter typically represent the ratio of small numbers.This enabled the English teacher of mathematics to formulate his law of "multiple relationships", and later - and the law of "ongoing relationship" on the basis of which, in each chemical compound, the weight ratio of the starting materials is always the same.His studies were continued Bertselliusom and Avogadro.
fact that atomic structure is rather complicated, it has been proven by physicists a century ago.Contributions to such a great discovery was made by: Thomson proved the existence of cathode rays, Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who discovered the natural radioactivity of the substances Rezeford, who said the presence in the center of the atom positively charged nucleus and the possibility of artificial transformation of one element into another,Chadwick, who discovered the existence of neutral elements, or neutrons.The structure of the atom first seriously began studying Thompson, who discovered the electron in 1897.He was able to prove the existence of even more microscopic bodies.Through its activities the structure of the atom was largely clear.He revealed that the particle is represented by a spherical distribution of positive charges, which are fully compensated for the negative.For this reason, the atom is electrically neutral.
In a series of studies conducted by these and other scientists, it was found that the atom is not a homogeneous body, but consists of particles such as neutrons, protons and electrons.
protons in the atomic nucleus as much and electrons in its shell, in addition, the number corresponds to the number of protons an element in the periodic table.The masses of the proton and neutron are almost identical.These elements are retained in the nucleus of an atom by special forces, which are also called nuclear;These forces are very powerful, but act on the ultrashort distances, while repeatedly surpassing the repulsive force of the particles.Weight of electrons is negligible.Almost the entire mass of the atom is in its nucleus, the structure of the atomic nucleus contains neutrons and protons.The properties of this part is determined by its basic components mentioned above.Among the atoms are so-called isotonic.The particles of the same substance have different masses due to the fact that the number of neutrons can vary.The number of protons they, however, are always the same.For example, the structure of carbon atoms is usually assumes its nucleus six positively charged particles and neutral six - of 12, that is, so-called carbon mass number usually - 12. However, there are the isotopes of the element in which the number of protons corresponds stably 6and the number of neutrons can differ.
shell of an atom is a rather complex system.It consists of different subshells with different energy levels, which in turn are divided into sub-levels and sub-levels - to the orbital.Recent vary in shape and their size.
