difficult to list all the good things that gives us the technological progress: electricity, district heating, cars, computers, the Internet - the list goes on and on ... And yet, all these amenities would have been impossible without the global changes that began a couple of centuries ago,and was named the Industrial Revolution.
origin and meaning of the term
What does this term mean, and where did such a grandiose name?The authorship belongs to the French scientist Jerome Blanks, who lived in the first half of the last century.In it, and in the modern sense of the industrial revolution - is the transition from an agrarian to an industrial society, in which the leading role played in the economy, industrial production.
Conditionally industrial revolution is divided into three stages.On the ground there is a gradual transition from manual labor to machines.These machines are driven by human muscle, but seriously accelerate the production process.In the second phase there is an engine for these mechanisms - the steam engine, which was successfully used in industrial production to the early twentieth century.In the third stage the production of machines becomes widespread and there is a new branch of industry - engineering.
stages of the industrial revolution
first country in which the industrial revolution, has become England.Why is it?According to one version, it was promoted by the presence of colonies.Their operation will allow the British entrepreneurs to accumulate enough funds to develop industrial production.Another version claims that it is not only in the colonies.They were not only in England - the Spanish crown captured no less territory, but no success in the industry is not shown.It is something else - the end of the XVIII century (at this time the Industrial Revolution started in England) in English society has created favorable conditions for the development of the industry.Firstly, the state was to protect private property and the bourgeoisie could not be afraid of seizures.Second, high-level trade reached that allows you to easily sell industrial products.Third, there was a sufficient number of workers or forced labor disappeared (no serfs in England at that time was no longer there).In agriculture, the developed market relations: the earth has become a commodity, and the commodity economy finally supplanted natural.Large farms are not needed in a large number of workers, and thereby provide cheap labor for industry.
Thus, the first phase of the Industrial Revolution the British were ready.It only remained to find a suitable car.Since the greatest demand at that time enjoyed the clothes, even the industrial revolution began precisely in the textile industry.Weaver James Hargreaves once watched as a spindle, slipping from the hands of his daughter, by inertia continues to spin.He came to a simple idea: what if you make a spinning wheel, in which the spindle will spin itself?So in 1765 there was the first mechanical spinning wheel - "Jenny".It spindle placed in a special carriage, sliding on rails.Simultaneously with the movement of the carriage it is rotated and wound thread.This spinning wheel worked even faster than usual because the carriage can be put multiple spindles.Soon invention Hargreaves was on stream.A little later than usual hairdresser Richard Arkwright created a spinning machine, is driven by a water wheel.This further increased the production of yarn.Appeared and a mechanical loom.So the first stage of the industrial revolution.
For the second stage did not have a universal motor that could run year-round.And water wheels, and windmills were used everywhere, but were very unreliable due to weather conditions.And there could not be proved by the way the invention of James Watt - steam engine.In fact, couples and tried to tame him, but these inventions have been uneconomical.In 1781, his efforts were crowned with success.He was able to create a machine that allows the drive to operate a variety of mechanisms, and thus are relatively cheap to its owner.Soon Watt's invention began its victorious march to England, and then in other countries of the world.She was able to go beyond the factory walls and conquer the transport and industrial revolution successfully entered the second stage of its development.
Also, the widespread use of the steam engine gave rise to the third stage of the Industrial Revolution, which helped turn Britain into an industrial state.Machinery covered more industries and demand for them is increasing.As a result, a new branch of industry - engineering.
