Background
In the early twentieth century European countries shocked the strong economic crisis.He touched and Russia.Ravaged by thousands of small and medium enterprises, the hundreds of thousands of people were left without work.On top of that, between Russia and Japan, the war broke out, in which the Russian army suffered a crushing defeat.Poverty and unemployment have touched many people.No matter how high rates of any developing industry in the Russian Empire, jobs was not enough.The crisis gave it to feel full.All this imposed and land issues.The growing number of rural landless peasants, who just were not able to pay for the meager allotments, generously given to them at the time of the 1861 reform also migrated to the lands of Siberia and the Far East with their harsh climate, not all solved.
Despite significant changes in society that have occurred by that time, the Russian Empire was still an absolute monarchy, in which the majority of the population was deprived of civil rights.There was also a national oppression: many people do not even have the opportunity to teach children in their native language, let alone use it in the courts or government agencies.
Home Revolution
This, in short, was the situation in which the First Russian Revolution.The reason for its inception were the events of January 9, 1905 On this day, workers' demonstration led by the priest Gapon went to the Winter Palace in the capital to give the king a petition demanding better working conditions, providing political freedoms, etc.140,000th column with icons and portraits of the tsar approached the palace when it opened fire on police and soldiers.More than a thousand people were killed and several thousand injured.
After this event, the country broke out like a torch.The senseless violence has angered thousands of people throughout Russia began strikes and rallies.In the capital itself, the workers turned clashes with troops.Thus began the first Russian revolution.
in different sectors of society in different ways react to the event.Highlight the three political camps: the conservative, liberal and revolutionary-democratic.The first can be attributed supporters of autocracy (landowners, officials, officers, nobility), which suited the pre-revolutionary situation.They were ready to leave everything as it is.The most radical representatives of this trend were the Black Hundreds - members of the "Union of the Russian people."The liberal camp were progressive-minded nobles, intellectuals, the bourgeoisie.These were the segments of the population, who wanted the revolution, above all, the expansion of political rights and freedoms, to participate in governing the country.By the revolutionary-democratic camp sided with the workers, poor peasants, the petty bourgeoisie.These people are willing to support the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats, who advocated the overthrow of the king and the establishment of a republic.
In 1905, the first Russian revolution was on the rise.Already in the summer of strikes and strikes had time to participate up to a million people.They began to make their claims and representatives of national movements.The emperor made concessions: first it was permitted to create a parliament - the State Duma and later the population received political freedom.Expanded and the number of persons who may participate in the parliamentary elections.
Manifests on the establishment of the Duma and political freedoms were welcomed by the liberals.Having such political parties as the Cadets and Octobrists, who were willing to participate in the elections to the Duma.According to the Liberal leader, the first revolution (as it will be called later) has achieved its objectives.
But the masses, these concessions are not reassured.In the summer and autumn of that year rebellion touched even the army and navy, which are considered to support the regime.Revolution swept the Black Sea and the Baltic sailors, soldiers of Kharkov, Kiev, Tashkent, Warsaw garrison.However, all these speeches have not received broad support and were soon suppressed.In December 1905, a rebellion broke out working in Moscow.With the help of the troops had been transferred from St. Petersburg government was able to suppress it, and then were crushed by military force performances in other cities.Public activity beginning to soften.But next year has continued peasant uprisings.
End and the results
In 1906 began its work on 1 st State Duma.This Parliament has worked long and was dismissed because of his too radical composition.The same fate befell the next Duma.After that June 3, 1907 a new law, the number of voters suzivshy.This event actually ended the first Russian revolution.Mass demonstrations at that time were virtually suppressed.Their members ended their lives or on the gallows, the aptly named "Stolypin necktie" (after the then Prime Minister), or in prison and hard labor.
So what led the first Russian Revolution and why it has failed?The answer to the second question is obvious: political forces that participated in it, acted separately, their interests often do not coincide.As for the outcome, the most important achievement is the change of the political system.The State Duma, which appeared in the course of the revolution, remained there.Despite its limited capacity, it is, nevertheless, influenced the future policy of the government.And at the same time it has become a platform for many politicians.Representatives of the oppressed peoples revolution brought the opportunity to publish books and newspapers in their own language, to use it in theatrical performances.But school education in their native language for many people (for example, Ukrainians and Belarusians) and remains inaccessible.
