a result of incomplete combustion of carbon and products containing it, forms carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon monoxide.Other names this poison that has no color or smell (it is not due to carbon monoxide, and impurities, organic substances), - carbon monoxide (II) or carbon monoxide.Its density at 0 ° C equals 0.00125 g / cm³.At a temperature of minus 192 ° C passes from the gaseous to the liquid state, and at minus 205 ° C - solid.Auto-ignition temperature 609 ° C plus.Oxide is slightly soluble in water (0.0026 grams in 100 ml), but soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, benzene.It has a molar mass of 28.0101 g / mol.
addition monoxide, known as oxides of carbon and other.The most common of these is carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide (CO2), which is obtained by the complete combustion of carbon (free or bound).It is a colorless gas with a slightly sour taste, but no odor.It is readily soluble in water, thereby forming an acidic carbon hydroxide CO (OH) 2 or carbonic acid H2CO3.Triugleroda dioxide (C3O2) is a poisonous gas without color but with a pungent suffocating odor.Under normal conditions, it is readily polymerized in the end products are formed, which are insoluble in water and colored in red, yellow or purple.There are other carbon oxides, which are less well known and have a linear or cyclic structure.Formulas in this series vary from C2O2 to C32O8.In addition there is a polymeric substance, such as graphite oxide, its molecules consist of elements of C and O, and the number of both atoms may vary.
Carbon monoxide is obtained by partial oxidation of carbon (on a shoestring) for carbon dioxide oxygen.For example, during operation of the furnace or the combustion engine in an enclosed space.In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide burning blue flame to form carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2.The coke (or coal) gas, which is widely used to 60s previous century indoor lighting, cooking and heating, includes in its membership to 10% of carbon monoxide.Since the CO combustion, a large amount of heat, the gas is a valuable component of fuel.Some processes in modern technologies (for example, pig iron) is still accompanied by the formation of such by-product is carbon monoxide.Worldwide, the largest source of carbon monoxide natural origin are photochemical reactions in the troposphere and generate about 5 • 1012 kg per year.Other natural sources of carbon monoxide are volcanoes, forest fires and other combustion processes.
From a chemical point of view, the carbon monoxide reducing properties and is characterized by a tendency to addition reactions.However, these two tendencies are shown only at elevated temperatures at which carbon monoxide can be connected with some metals, chlorine, oxygen, and sulfur.The steel used ability of the substance by heating to reduce many oxides of metals.In the reaction with chlorine, phosgene gas is formed: CO + Cl2 ↔ COCl2.It is poisonous, used in organic synthesis, may gradually decompose to water in the reaction equation: COCl2 + 2H2O → H2CO3 + 2HCl.
carbon monoxide can be directly attached at an elevated temperature and pressure to some metals to form metal carbonyls that are complex compounds: Ni (CO) 4, Mo (CO) 6, Fe (CO) 5 and others.Carbon monoxide (II) can be reacted with ammonia on the catalyst (thoria ThO2) at 500 ° C with the formation of hydrogen cyanide: CO + NH3 HCN + H2O →.
Carbon monoxide is toxic to humans and animals.Toxic properties of carbon monoxide due to its ability to irreversibly react with hemoglobin in the blood, thereby losing the ability to carry oxygen to the cells and tissues of the body.That is, there comes a hypoxia hematic type.Otherwise, it is called (due to lower oxygen-carrying capacity of blood) blood.Also carbon oxide (II) participates in the reaction, disturbing the body tissue biochemical balance.Easy poisoning accompanied by headache, knock on the temples, dizziness, chest pain, and dry cough, watery eyes, nausea, vomiting, visual and auditory hallucinations, reddening of the skin and mucous membranes, tachycardia, hypertension.With an average of gravity comes drowsiness and (while maintaining consciousness) motor paralysis.Severe poisoning is characterized by symptoms such as dilated pupils, loss of consciousness, convulsions, coma, respiratory failure, involuntary discharge of feces and urine, blue skin and mucous membranes.Death occurs due to respiratory and cardiac arrest.
