ciliates slipper - a fairly common species that belong to the group of simple organisms.She inhabits in fresh stagnant water with plenty of organic materials, which also feeds.By the way, the structure of ciliate-shoes is considered the most difficult of this group of organisms.
General characteristics
ciliates slipper - single-celled organism, whose shape actually resembles the sole of the shoe, and is maintained by a dense outer layer of cytoplasm.All of the animal's body is covered with a huge number of cilia, which are arranged in longitudinal rows.Their main function - movement.
Moves ciliate slipper blunt end first.Cilia move with a slight delay with respect to each other.When moving the body also rotates around the axis.
cilia located between the so-called trichocysts - small spindly organelles, which perform the function of protection.Each trichocysts consists of a body and a tip that the presence of the stimulus (collision, heating, cooling) abruptly fired.
ciliates slipper: structure
bulk of the body - it endoplasma or liquid part of the cytoplasm.Ectoplasm is closer to the cytoplasmic membrane has a dense texture and forms a pellicle.
Digestion.Ciliates shoe eats bacteria and has a rather peculiar cellular digestive system.Close to the front end of the body is perioral funnel, whose inner surface is coated with a complex system of cilia.Movement of cilia create a flow with which sucks and microorganisms.Further nutrient particles fall into the throat, which also pave the cilia, and only then - in the mouth.By endocytosis nutrients get into the digestive vacuole.Remains of output from a specific organelle - poroshitsu.
genetic material.Ciliates shoe has two cores - large (macronucleus) and small (micronucleus).The micronucleus contains the complete set of genetic information and taking part in the sexual reproduction of the organism.Macronucleus responsible for the synthesis of protein compounds.
Isolation and breathing.Ciliates slipper can exist even at very low concentrations of oxygen in the water.Oxygen scavenging across the surface.
As already mentioned, the simplest organism lives in fresh water and because of the concentration differences he needed osmoregulation system.Ciliates has two contractile vacuoles - front and back, to each of which is an extensive system of tubules.Excess fluid and secondary metabolic products are collected and displayed in the tubules vacuoles in the environment.Both organelles reduced alternately every 15-20 seconds.
Reproduction ciliate-shoes
for this organism is characterized as sexual and asexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction is carried out transverse cell division into two equal parts.Thus the organism retains an active state.This is followed by a complex process of regeneration, during which each part of the body completes the necessary organelles.
sex between two individuals carried out by conjugation.Ciliates temporarily stick together, and between their surface forms a kind of bridge from the cytoplasm.Macronuclear both organisms are destroyed, and the little nucleus divided by meiosis.
field that formed the nucleus with four haploid set of chromosomes.Further, three of them are killed, and the remaining share by mitosis, forming two protonukleusa - male and female.Organisms exchanged "masculine" protonukleusami.Then, in each of the two nuclei merge and education sinkariaona.Then passes mitosis, after which one of the formed nuclei becomes macronucleus and second - micronucleus.
