in a modern scientific foundations were laid Genetics outstanding scientists from the Czech Republic Mendel.It was he who in 1865 made a series of experiments on the crossbreeding of pea seeds, and based on the results formulated on the assumption that the process of inheritance of traits is due to the presence and movements of certain discrete particles.In addition, Mendel have some primary properties of the genetic process, namely the fact that it does not have an intermediate character.
Later, at the beginning of the twentieth century already, Mendel's assumptions were confirmed experimentally that have developed and implemented H. de Vries and K. Correns.The term "genetics" within the meaning of the name of the new science first appeared in the works of the English scientist W. Betsona, and in 1909, exploring the basics of Mendelian genetics, the Dane W. Johannsen introduced into scientific circulation category "gene", to refer to the very discrete particles,What is it led Mendel.
key concept in the field of genetics is heredity.Her understanding is based on the recognition of the properties of all living organisms to transfer their attributes inherited.This process ensures their ability to maintain their characteristic features for a long time.In this case, as well as the desired properties of heredity recognized ability to change the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics.This property came to be known variability and was, in fact, what we know today as the basis of genetics and breeding.
Without exception, all the modern advances in genetics owe their rationale for the emergence and development of new technologies research.Only on this basis it became possible to install and to prove experimentally such fundamental provisions of Theoretical and Applied Genetics, the structure and composition of the nucleic acids, they are allowed to disclose the code of the genetic code experimentally demonstrate and explain the level of the theory of stages of biosynthesis.In short, the fundamentals of genetics, incorporated in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, became the basis on which today are developing many areas of genetic science: molecular and evolutionary genetics, immunogenetics and genogeography, medical genetics and others.
process of continuous expansion of the field of research in genetics and led to a significant increase in its object of study as a science in the modern sense, the subject of genetics as a science is the study of the most common and essential laws of heredity and variation.The empirical basis for the conduct of such research are phenotypic data.
During the development of genetic science was formed categorical apparatus of this science, and today almost every educated man quite freely operates with such concepts as gene, phenotype, genotype, and others.Moreover, certain categories Genetics "moved" to other science, including social.Here they are used to indicate specific features and conditions of society and its structures, characterized by the ability to maintain its stability, sustainability, and to ensure continuity in the transmission of social and cultural characteristics.
Modern foundations of genetics based on the recognition of a number of provisions:
- heredity is objectively necessary and discrete parameter, ensuring the viability of living organisms;
- is genetic variation is the root cause of occurrence and development of the whole variety of life form and their evolution;
- genetically inherent characteristics are programmed into the DNA and RNA molecules, that act as the main carrier of genetic information;
- manifestation of the individuality of each type is provided biochemical reactions involving genes and transmit the relevant information about a particular sign;
- itself genetic information stored in the cell nucleus.
On the basis of these provisions have been formulated doctrine, which today form the basis of fundamental genetics.Among them, the most important place is occupied by such a theory monohybrid cross, named after its creator - Gregor Mendel, the laws of combining signs chromosome theory and others.
