To answer the question of why and how development occurs, it should first of all answer the question of what we mean by development per se.In ordinary use of the word here, of course, synonymous with perfection, but in a scientific context, the content is more meanings.For example, we say: "the process of degradation develops."What do we mean by this?What we say?Naturally, such an improvement can not be called.Therefore, consideration of the process of human development, requires some initial clarifications.
dwell on one of these conditions, which in itself is one of the theories, or rather - meta-theory, treats the person as the subject material and the spiritual nature of the universe.Today this problem is the subject of Scientology study, due to the fact that no single modern science can not provide exhaustive answers to the questions of human evolution.
If we limit the scope of consideration of the problems of traditional, sociological and psychological objective of the field, it should be borne in mind that in this sense, we will deal with the analysis of something (an individual, in this case), originally existing in someinitial state.
To date, the most popular theory of personality development (or conceptual point of view, summarizing several theories), which is very controversial and, moreover, are insufficiently developed.This undeveloped due to the fact that they are all, according to one of the most prominent researchers of this problem, Maslow, "a higher level of abstraction."
We call and look at some of them.
psychosexual theory of human development (Freud), as the dominant factors determining personal development, highlights such as the desire, the emotional range of sex-role behavior and characteristics of the individual.At the same time Freud and his followers are five basic stages of development of the individual.
In such a theory of personality development as psychosocial analysis, the authors (E.Erikson, El'konin), in contrast to Freud, the dominant development see the social aspect.The dominant factors in this process are the social, historical and cultural and spiritual aspects.Thus, according to Erikson, each stage of human development is associated with overcoming a specific conflict, the nature of which depends on the age, external causes, and many other reasons.For example, school conflicts, as a rule, are often reduced to overcome the contradictions that arise between the adolescent sense of inferiority and hard work, understanding of the principles of freedom and lack of understanding of the role of the moral criteria of behavior, restricting this freedom, etc.
In theory, development of the personality of the famous French psychologist and educator Jean Piaget main criterion is determined by the development of intellectual, cognitive sphere, and therefore the concept of Piaget was named Cognitive.Of particular prominence this theory acquired during a scientific debate with prominent Soviet pedology Vygotsky.The subject of discussion was the issue of primary and secondary development and education.According to Piaget, each instar contains certain restrictive limits of human cognitive capacities.
same Vygotsky and his followers - PPBlonsky and ANLeontiev - within the framework of activity theory of personality development argued that any limits practically overcome with the help of external factors, which may serve primarily education and training.
L. Kohlberg, based on the views of Piaget, developed a theory of development, in which the main criteria are the indicators of a moral nature.It argues that between the intellectual and moral, there is a direct relationship.In this sense, stand predkonventsionalny and postconventional stages of development of the individual, which, according to representatives of the teaching, completes 25 years.
behaviorist, or behavioral doctrine (L. Kohlberg), examines the development of the person as a permanent process of increasing and expanding its role set, which is achieved by education.
Humanistic theory (Rogers, Maslow) consider man as an end in itself of humanity as a whole.In their view, it is very difficult to establish any patterns in the dynamics of such a complex phenomenon, which is the person, personality.So he (the man) is a self-sufficient, developing according to its own laws of creation, the logic of which should not interfere at all, only to adapt to it.
Today has not developed a common view of the problem of personality development.In addition, understanding of the possibilities and abilities of a person is changing rapidly, and therefore changing and understanding of these processes.These theories consider only certain aspects of personal development.
