probably will not be mistaken if I say that most people in everyday life find that the computer and all connected with it - it's scientific achievements of the last decades of the last century.In fact, the principles of von Neumann's work computer, the theoretical bases of construction of computer networks, have been formulated in the first half of the twentieth century.
main developer of computer science at the time was the famous mathematician John von Neumann USA.By the way it is to say that some of this has happened relatively randomly.Neumann in 1944 was included in the research group, which worked on the creation of the first lamp electronic computer ENIAC.Once, during a routine discussion with scientist colleagues are very confident proposed new concept of creating a device for computing.To the surprise of Neumann, his partner G. Goldstein and A. Burks supported the idea of von Neumann, and two years later there was a scientific article.It offers a completely previously unknown principles of computing device, and then received the name of "the principles of von Neumann."It's been half a century since the first public presentation of the ideas of von Neumann, but to this day, aspects such as computer architecture principles von Neumann perform the classical theory of the construction of computer systems.The principal difference of the new concept was that it was proposed to move away from the familiar decimal system of information storage and switch to binary.It was more convenient for such use and provides much more opportunities to increase the volume of information, both in terms of its storage and transmission.
In addition, the principles of von Neumann made it possible to process not only numerical information, but also text, sound and others.
Another significant discovery Neumann was his solution for the storage of the information.Previously, this work was carried out almost manually, by bridging the necessary components of the computer together to ensure the exchange of information that is stored in each of these compartments.In the above-mentioned computer ENIAC, this procedure takes at least several days, and very often during this procedure appliances break - malfunction of the lamp.Neumann also proposed shift program also encoded in binary form and stored in a computer itself.
scientists not only formulated the ideas that later became widely known as the principles of von Neumann and developed technological structure of the computer, this concept is often referred to as "computer architecture".The main components of the new architecture, Neumann should be:
- the control unit;
- logic device;
- the CPU;
- Complex memory, including internal and external;
- I / O devices.
constructed in such a way design in the computer is read special instructions from memory, and then there is their execution by the processor.The order execution of commands defined by a special program counter.The presence of such a device is now one of the hallmarks of the computer architecture proposed by von Neumann.
general, developed and, in fact, tested and implemented by him, the decisions on the architecture of computers have become so universal and fundamental, that today in a professional environment the machine started according to these principles, called - von Neumann machines.This does not apply only to those where no counter.
possible departure from these principles is possible only in the future, when the basis for the development of computer science, is the idea of a logical data processing.
