man knows the world in various forms - in the form of everyday knowledge, knowledge of religious, artistic, and scientific.The first three forms are counted as non-scientific, and although scientific knowledge grew out of everyday, ordinary, it differs significantly from all the non-scientific forms.Scientific knowledge has a structure in which there are two levels: empirical and theoretical.During the XVII-XVIII centuries science it was primarily on the empirical stage and began to talk about in theory only in the XIX century.Methods of theoretical knowledge, which refers to how a comprehensive study of reality in its essential laws and connections, have gradually built over the empirical.But even despite this, empirical and theoretical studies are in close interaction, suggesting a complete structure of scientific knowledge.In this regard, there were even scientific methods of theoretical knowledge, which were equally characteristic of the empirical method of cognition.At the same time, some of the methods used and the empirical knowledge of the theoretical stage.
basic scientific methods of the theoretical level of knowledge
abstraction - a method that reduces the diversion of any properties of the object at the time of knowledge with a view to more in-depth study of some one side.Abstracting the end result should be to develop abstract concepts that characterize the objects from different angles.
analogy - mental conclusion about the similarity of the objects, which is expressed in a certain ratio, based on their similarities in several other respects.
modeling - a method based on the principle of similarity.Its essence is that the study is not exposed to the object, and its analogue (Deputy model), then the received data is transferred according to certain rules to the object itself.
idealization of - mental construction (construction) theory about objects, concepts that do not actually exist in reality and can not be embodied in it, but those for which, in reality there is an analog or a close inverse image.
analysis - a method of dividing a whole into parts so that each part to learn individually.
Synthesis - a procedure reverse analysis is to combine the individual elements into a single system in order to further knowledge.
Induction - a method in which the final conclusion is made of the knowledge gained to a lesser degree of generality.Simply put, the induction - a movement from the particular to the general.
Deduction - the opposite method of induction, which has a theoretical orientation.
Formalizing - a method of displaying content knowledge in the form of signs and symbols.The basis is the formalization of the distinction between natural and artificial languages.
All these methods of theoretical knowledge to some extent may be inherent and empirical knowledge.Historical and logical methods of theoretical knowledge - is no exception.The historical method is a reproduction in detail the history of the object.Especially it is widely used in the historical sciences, where great importance is the concreteness of events.The logical method also reproduces the story, but basically, the main material, and not paying attention to the events and facts, which are caused by accidental circumstances.
It's not all methods of theoretical knowledge.Generally speaking, the scientific knowledge of all methods can be shown at the same time being in close cooperation with each other.The specific use of the individual methods determined by the level of scientific knowledge, as well as features of an object, process.
