Science - true knowledge, supported by the theoretical and practical studies, which are often described as theoretical and empirical level of cognition.There are various methods of obtaining scientific knowledge, but also identified a number of the most important categories:
1) general or philosophical methods that relate to the widest group.
2) scientific methods of research, the use of which may in any field of research.This category in common with the previous one, but with the main difference - the scientific methods used at certain stages of obtaining scientific knowledge.For general scientific methods of research include analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and others.
3) Special methods applicable in a particular scientific field or a separate science.Representative examples of - experiments in chemistry and physics methods biological research and so on.
4) Private methods used to solve one particular problem.
scientific methods of research on the empirical level isolated experiment and observation.
Monitoring relates to methods of purposeful perception of action of natural elements, human and other phenomena and processes that eliminated any interference from outside.Before putting the supervision of certain requirements:
- systematic,
objectivity,
- strict orientation plan, that is, its uniqueness,
- correct the observed processes and phenomena must be confirmed by other research methods.
According to the submission of the request, the observation is ideal when you can not or should not influence the course of the process.It is for these purposes have been many devices, which allow not only to strengthen the capabilities of the senses, but also to deliver during the process of subjectivity in the assessment.
scientific methods of research requires not only a description of the observed processes and measurements.Observation, accompanied by the use of instruments, the results of which are most often tables, graphs, waveform, and so on, among other things require interpretation.This also applies to experiment and observation.
For general scientific research methods are also a variety of experiments, ie experiments conducted in predetermined and controlled conditions.They are based on an assumption or hypothesis that allow you to put the problem and explain the results.The advantage of the experiment is the ability to influence the course of the process that allows you to change the conditions to carry out the study of the phenomenon in its "pure form", and also to reproduce the same result under the same conditions.
scientific methods of research involves not only data acquisition, but also their interpretation, which is necessary to systematize the available data.To systematize the most commonly used analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction.
use any methods require different functions of scientific research.These include description, explanation and prediction.This shows that one can not do the practical data, so the theoretical and empirical methods always work together.All resulting experiment or observation data and organize, to the ability to predict the flow of the process in different conditions.On the basis of these data, it becomes possible to realize a function of scientific research as forecasting.The standard example of this - the weather forecast, which is made on the basis of satellite data, which are processed on the basis of specially designed computer software.Programs are created on the basis of long-term work of scientists, organize information, and identify the main trends that allow to draw conclusions about temperature changes.
