Nowadays genetics is highly relevant in the scientific field for research.The impetus for its development was the well-known doctrine of Charles Darwin on the discrete nature of heredity, natural selection and mutation as a result of changes in transmission carrier genotype.Having started its development in the early twentieth century, genetics, science has reached a broad scale, with the research methods of human genetics at the moment are one of the main areas of study, like human nature, and of nature in general.
consider fundamental methods of genetics research, currently known.
Genealogical research methods of human genetics are analyzing certain types of structures and gene inheritance in pedigrees.The results and data are used for the prevention, prevention and detection probability of the studied trait in the offspring - hereditary diseases.Type of inheritance can be autosomal (possible sign of the manifestation of the same probability in both sexes) and coupled with a chromosomal sex near the carrier.
autosomal method, in turn, divided into autosomal dominant inheritance (dominant allele can also be realized in the homozygous and heterozygous) and autosomal recessive inheritance (recessive allele can be realized only in the homozygous state).With this type of inheritance of the disease is manifested through several generations.
sex-linked inheritance is characterized by localization of the respective gene in homologous and nonhomologous sections Y- or X-chromosomes.As genotypic background, which is localized in the sex chromosomes, determine the hetero- or homozygous women, but men who have only one X chromosome number can only be hemizygous.For example, a heterozygous female can pass the disease is inherited as a son and daughters.
biochemical methods of genetics research conditioned study of hereditary diseases transmitted as a result of gene mutations.Such methods identify human genetics research hereditary metabolic defects by determining protein structures, enzymes, carbohydrates and other metabolic products that remain in the extracellular fluid (blood, sweat, urine, saliva, etc.).
twin method study of human genetics find out hereditary traits studied the disease.Identical twins (full body develops from two or more crushed parts of the zygote in the early stage of its development) have an identical genotype, which can detect differences in the result of external influence of the environment on human phenotype.Fraternal twins (two or more fertilized eggs) are of the genotype related to each other people, allowing you to see sredovye hereditary factors and the development of human genotypic backgrounds.
Cytogenetic studies of genetics method used in the study of chromosome morphology and normal karyotype, which allows the detection of genomic and chromosomal mutations to diagnose hereditary diseases at the chromosomal level, as well as to investigate the mutagenic effects of chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, etc.This technique is widely used in the analysis and subsequent identification of genetic abnormalities of the body before birth.Prenatal diagnosis of amniotic fluid makes the diagnosis in the first trimester of pregnancy, which makes it possible to decide on the termination of pregnancy.
