method - a set of methods and operations used in practical or theoretical activities.Methods serve as a form of understanding of reality.
methods of knowledge on the basis of the ratio of Public and Private divided into general (universal), general science (general logical) and specific scientific methods.Also, they are classified in terms of the ratio of theoretical and empirical knowledge on methods of empirical research methods common to empirical and theoretical research, and - purely theoretical research.
Keep in mind that certain branches of scientific knowledge apply their specific, concrete scientific methods for the study of phenomena and processes, which are due to the essence of the object.However, there are methods typical of a certain science, successfully applied in other fields of knowledge.For example, the physical and chemical methods of research used in biology, as objects of study include biology, and physical and chemical forms of existence and motion of matter.
Everyone methods of knowledge sharing in the dialectical and metaphysical.These are called general philosophical.
Dialectical comes to the knowledge of reality in its integrity, the development and the contradictions inherent in it.Metaphysical is the opposite of dialectic, he examines the phenomena without considering their relationship and the processes of change over time.Around the middle of the XIX century metaphysical dialectical method is displaced.
general logical methods of cognition include synthesis, analysis, abstraction, generalization, induction, deduction, analogy, simulation, historical and logical methods.
Analysis - is the decomposition of an object into its components.Synthesis - Association cognized elements into one.Generalization - a mental shift from the individual to the general.Abstraction (idealization) - making mental changes in the object of study in accordance with the objectives of the study.Induction - elimination of the general provisions of the particular facts of observation.Deduction - analytical reasoning from the general to the particular detail.Analogy - a plausible and probable conclusion on the existence of similarities of the two objects, phenomena of a certain sign.Simulation - creation based on analog models, taking into account all the properties of the object.The historical method - a reproduction of the facts from the history of the phenomenon under study in their versatility, given the details and randomness.The logical method - Play history of the object of research by freeing it from all random and inconsequential.
methods of empirical knowledge divided into measurement, observation, description, experiment and comparison.
Observation - organized and purposeful perception of the object of study.Experiment - is different from the observation statements that involve a constant activity of the participants.Measurement - the process of comparing the material to a certain value or set a standard unit of measurement.In science, consider the relative properties of the object of study in relation to these funds research.
methods theoretical knowledge combined formalization, axiomatization, hypothetical-deductive method.
Formalizing - construction of abstract and mathematical models, which are aimed at the disclosure of the essence of the object studied.Axiomatization - creating theories based on axioms.Hypothetical-deductive method is to create a connected deductive hypotheses from which we can derive an empirical conclusion of the facts.
forms and methods of knowledge directly related.Under the form of knowledge to understand scientific facts, hypotheses, principles, issues, ideas, theories, categories and laws.
