future of humanity ... This topic has always been viewed with great interest in both the eastern and European philosophical tradition.But in the second half of the 20th century, the emphasis has shifted dramatically: people become not only a beautiful dream about the future, but also to look for the best ways to achieve it.And along the way he had a legitimate question: "Is it possible, in principle, the future?" The number of nuclear weapons in the world and the possibility of environmental disaster not allowed to give an affirmative answer.The greatest relevance acquired understanding of the difficulties in the relations between man and nature, as well as relations between people.Through the discussion of these issues it has developed several traditions.Cosmism in Russian philosophy is one of them.On it we discuss in this article.
definition
name "Russian Space Art" emerged in the 60s, when the people rejoiced rapidly over space exploration and appeals to virtually forgotten heritage of Tsiolkovsky.Then it embraced a wide range of Russian culture in the late 19th - early 20th century.His most outstanding representatives were in poetry - Bruce, Tiutchev;in music - Scriabin;painting - Nesterov.A philosophical direction was formed around the ideas of Tsiolkovsky (supported by such leading scientists as Vernadsky and ALChizhevsky) and works of NF Fedorov.
First cosmists philosophers pondered the prospects for further development of mankind.Of course, because of the lifestyle and way of thinking of the authors, their works are very different.But despite this, they can find a lot of common ideas, and developing complementary to each other and form a whole new trend in Russian philosophy.
main idea
Cosmism Russian first substantiated the idea of the unification of all people, based not only on political and ideological grounds, but on moral and environmental.Thus was formed the most important feature of the philosophical direction - the connection of previously disparate issues as the establishment of universal brotherhood, space exploration and preservation of the environment.
Directions Russian cosmism
There are several, but the main trends are only five.Some of them we have already mentioned above.Who will introduce you to the full list:
- natural sciences (Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky, Chizhevsky).
- religious-philosophical (Fedorov).
- poetical (Morozov, Sukhov-Kobylin, Bruce, Odoyevski, Tiutchev).
- Esoteric (Roerich).
- Noospheric (Thorns, Akimov, Dmitriev).
Below we talk about the representatives of the first two directions.
ancestor cosmism
cosmism founder and the largest representative Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorov is.He never studied philosophy professionally.Fedorov of earning a living teaching first, and then work in the library.During the life of Nikolai Fedorovich it was published very few of his works.But enough of these publications to many philosophers and writers were able to admire his ideas.Especially positive reviews came from Gorky, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Leo Tolstoy.
Many ideas have been formulated cosmism Russian Fedorov in his work "The Philosophy of the common cause."He believed that the cause of disharmony in the relationship of nature and human life lies in the confusion of the latter.And because of the nature of his unconscious acts as a hostile force.Only this power can be subjected by means of human reason.The philosopher believed that "people have to make in the world of harmony and put things in order there."Due to the nature of the evolution of the turn in the spontaneous consciously controlled.
Universal regulation
Russian philosophy, Russian Space Art would have been unthinkable without the idea Fedorov on the implementation of a general regulation.It is necessary to bridge the gap between nature and man.This psycho-physiological regulation implies control of our inner strength.The external unfolds from our planet to the universe and includes several steps:
- meteoric Regulation (object - the Earth).
- Planetary astroregulyatsiya (object - the solar system).
- Space (object - the universe).
With the passage of these steps humanity can unite all existing stellar worlds.Incidentally, the Russian Space Art as a philosophical trend has arisen precisely because of this idea.So Nikolai Fedorovich can safely be called a genius.
Although many utopian theories Fedorov, modern cosmism (Russian) professes many ideas of his legacy: projective knowledge and synthetism, regulation of public life and the natural processes that close relationship of morality and knowledge, the perpetuation of human life, and so on. D.
Four principles Tsiolkovsky
significant effect on the Russian Space Art in philosophy had Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.He is known as an original thinker, a science fiction writer, and a herald of Astronautics and rocket dynamics.
Tsiolkovsky believed that our world can only be explained with the cosmic perspective.The future of the world - a space exploration people.All our activities must focus on improving the interaction of space and man.Exemption reasonable organisms dependence in relation to their environment - one of the main tasks of evolution.Tsiolkovsky thought that space exploration can unite people in the whole state.
There are a number of philosophical principles that underpin Tsiolkovsky.Russian Space Art still they profess.There are four principles.Let us consider them in order of importance:
- Panpsihizm (recognition of the sensitivity of the Universe).
- monism (matter is one, and its properties are the same).
- principle of infinity (the force of the cosmic mind and the universe are endless).
- principle of self-organization (the universe itself builds its own structure).
Vernadsky's noosphere
Many ideas have been formulated cosmism Russian Vladimir Vernadsky.Not only was he an outstanding naturalist, but also a significant thinker and the founder of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition into the noosphere.
Vernadsky, and other representatives of such areas as Russian Space Art, believed that with the help of science mankind will be able to subdue the universe and be responsible for its fate.This can be explained by the fact that "scientific work will be a manifestation of the geological activity of the person, and it will create a special state of the biosphere, and it will prepare for the transition to the noosphere."The last thinker understood as a sphere of reasonable expansion of human activities aimed at maintaining life on the planet as part of the biosphere, then solar space and as a result already beyond.According to Vernadsky, the very evolution of humanity has produced entry in the era of the noosphere.A main condition for this transition - the union of the creative environment to improve the overall well-being.
Solar activity Chizhevskogo
Russian philosophy, Russian Space Art received a significant boost in development thanks to the work of Alexander Leonidovich Chizhevskogo in which they talked about the impact of solar activity on the history of mankind.
Scientists believe that the revolutionary upheavals occurred during periods of high solar activity.This phenomenon is repeated at intervals of 11 years.In turn, the eleven-year cycle consists of four periods:
- minimum excitability (3 years).
- growth excitability (2 years).
- maximum rise of excitability (3 years).
- lowering excitability (3 years).
Chizhevskogo Theories about the impact of solar storms on the behavior of certain people and social phenomena and now have a very wide distribution.
Conclusion We have examined the Russian Space Art as a philosophical trend.It should be noted that the man took hundreds of years to gain a reasonable appearance along with a developed awareness of their own spirituality.Passing the formative stage world, human civilization opened new kinds of knowledge, creating new branches of philosophical views and Sciences.
At the present stage, in view of past experience, humanity has formed for itself a clear structure and to identify the most useful priorities.But, as before, we have not received answers to questions about the meaning of life and the picture of the universe on the planet.And because people will always have a tendency to reflect, then there will always be mysteries, otgadki which did not exist.
