In a capitalist economy, probably any product has its price.It can be formed on the basis of a variety of mechanisms and laws.Moreover, a common approach to the definition of price among the world's researchers have found quite difficult.There are a large number of criteria for the classification of the corresponding indicator.Which of them are common in Russia?
What is the price and what are its functions
Price in accordance with a common definition - is a way of expressing the value of a product in the form of money.It is designed to perform a variety of functions.Among those: accounting, promotion, and distribution.
Regarding accounting functions, it requires the implementation of that with the price fixed costs of production and sale of products.Incentives designed to generate positive conditions for the growth of the efficiency of the release of goods, improve their quality, increase the technological production processes.The distribution function is intended to include in the price of various taxes, excise duties and taxes, which are then transferred to the seller in the budget.
Some researchers also highlight the social function of price.It involves, on the one hand, the population of a country (region or municipality) will be able to purchase products at economically reasonable cost, on the other - that the company that produces the appropriate type of products can be profitable and thus maintain jobs.As an option - for the residents of the same city or region.
Consider now how can we classify prices.
Features classification prices
There are a number of bases and the grounds on which the figures expressing the value of the goods can be attributed to a particular category.So, among the common methods - the classification of prices, based on the sphere of commodity circulation.On this basis of indicators expressing the value of the goods can be presented as:
- wholesale prices (as an option, for industrial products);
- purchasing cost performance in agriculture;
- transport tariffs;
- retail prices;
- consumer tariffs (for example, for the provision of public services);
- prices, the involved in the determination of foreign trade priorities.
Some researchers tend to supplement this classification scheme, based on the specific stages of the circulation of commodities.
Commodity circulation
So, there are three main stages of this process:
- movement of goods from which it has issued, to the wholesale organizations;
- movement of products from the wholesalers to the retail business;
- goods retail points of sale to the final consumer.
This scheme forms another reason for the classification of prices - the division of the relevant indicators at the wholesale and retail.Later we will look at them more specifics.
Regarding wholesale prices, it should be noted that they are sufficiently close to the procurement that are used in agriculture.They set individual farmers or agricultural firm to the end user or, for example, intermediaries - retail outlets, networks, kiosks, and so on. D.
have an opportunity, in the framework of which the classification and pricing structure.So, researchers base classification indices to one category or another, based on the degree of state intervention in pricing.If you adhere to this methodology, the price classification signs will be expressed in the degree of their compliance with the laws of supply and demand.Thus, the indicators can be:
- free (ie, pricing is carried out only on the basis of the laws of supply and demand);
- regulated (the state sometimes intervenes in the relevant mechanisms, most of it concerns strategically important sectors of the national economy);
- fixed (power clearly fixed the price for specific products).
In this case, even the most developed economies, considered as a standard capitalist countries may attend the second and third gears.Similarly, in the state formations with strong government interference in the economy: for example, in China there is a place free pricing.
trade arrangements
price classification can be carried out for other reasons.Thus, the corresponding figures value of the goods can be attributed to a particular category of trade sphere.If we talk about this segment of the commercial relations, the prices are: Auctions, stock exchange or by treaty.The first type can be characterized by a significant performance dissimilarity when compared with market figures.This can be traced known specificity auctions.Relatively close to the market price of the stock may be indicators.In commercial law relations common contractual criteria.According to them, can be determined by the price of goods, which is one company under the contract must be put differently.
sometimes used classification prices on a geographic basis.Thus, the corresponding figures value of the goods can be national, regional or local.But in the Russian economy, this approach to the classification of the price is not too common.
learn the specifics of certain types of prices, which are possibly the highest prevalence in the world economy.Types of prices and their classification adopted in expert communities around the world may differ, but are almost always present in the relevant techniques such category, as the wholesale value of the commodity indices.We study them in detail.
Features
wholesale price Wholesale price - a figure that characterizes the products of enterprises, often working in various industries, in terms of sales and purchases in cooperation with partners.Ownership within the relevant mechanisms often irrelevant.There are a number of additional grounds on which the classification of prices can be classified as wholesalers.Thus, the release:
- selling prices;
- industrial performance value.
Specificity of selling prices that their specified by the manufacturer of a product in order to sell the distribution business.In some cases, the corresponding figure may be defined as a transfer price.This is possible if the interaction between the structures of the same legal entity (eg, a few stock within the holding).Often, the transfer price is fixed in the contracts, the subject of which - commercial loans.
With regard to indicators of industrial value, they characterize the goods transferred as a whole through the same channels as in the wholesale prices, but including VAT and other charges and margins (typically formed by intermediary services).Thus, the difference between the two marked varieties of wholesale performance is noticeable, but in general, there is their significant structural similarity.
Some researchers have singled out the wholesale prices, which are formed with a marked impact of exchange factors.It is assumed that the corresponding figure is based on quotations on the stock exchange, and finally set taking into account possible discounts and other preferential supplier to the consumer (or, conversely, subject to increase, for example, because it is not stable relations between businesses).
functions and classification of price adopted in many research communities, involves the allocation of a separate type of retail indicators of value of goods.We study their characteristics.
Features
retail prices Retail prices - indicators that characterize the cost of goods sold now directly to the consumer in the face of the citizen, or other organization.Their formation involves the influence of a number of key economic components.Among those - the wholesale price (in some cases the relevant procurement), a variety of taxes and fees (such as VAT), labor costs.Formation of retail performance is directly dependent on the criteria of profitability and its credit burden, conditions of agreements with investors.
methodology which includes common in the Russian system of prices and their classification suggests that the retail prices are generally more volatile than wholesale.The fact that they are more sensitive to the final level of demand, which is not always stable (especially for luxury goods, to a lesser degree - for daily).As a rule, the retail prices are not fixed in the contracts (such as wholesalers, in some cases).Moreover, the figures can vary significantly in different stores.What is the reason?Most often marked differences in key aspects of our business model - profitability, costs for credit service and so on. D.
price system and their classification adopted in many states include the allocation of a separate category of indicators that relate to foreign trade.We study them more specifics.
specifics of foreign trade prices
characterize foreign trade prices of goods and services supplied by private and public entities that have residence in a particular country, abroad.They may be established by virtue of market factors and as a consequence of private agreements, which are usually attended by government structures.
classification in world prices of a particular type of product, as a rule, is fairly universal.For example, as appropriate indicators for oil, the modern-exporting countries have adopted this type of fuel technique, in which the base cost of the goods shall be calculated on the basis of the brand Brent.
There are a number of mechanisms, which form part of the cost of the goods of this indicator.Aspects such as the concept and classification of price, we have investigated.It is useful to consider now is that, in the framework of any laws may be pricing.
There are two main pricing mechanism: intra (when the figures forming enterprise producing goods or providing services), as well as the market, when some figures showing the cost of goods, are formed on the basis of supply and demand in one oranother segment of the free market.Typically, both mechanisms are utilized simultaneously selected.Let us examine them in detail.
intra-corporate pricing
So prices may be exposed, especially the management of the enterprise, which produces goods or provides services.Based on what the priorities of a determination of appropriate indicators?Pricing Policy manufacturers of goods and providers of services may be based on factors such as the development objectives of the company, the level of costs in the production, the priorities of owners, investors and so on. D.
In some cases, the firm keeps low prices with the aim of doing a greatniche market than the competition, and in this case it is connected a second mechanism of formation of indicators value of the goods - the market.We will study its specific details.
Market pricing
low prices, thus may be exposed now, on the basis of objective market factors.Thus, it is possible if demand is insufficient (or is dropped as an option, as a result of the crisis) or the competition in the segment is so large that it has to endure due to manipulation of prices.
is quite possible that the figures will determine the loss-making enterprises.In this case, the company may decide to reduce the costs (such as those by savings or other resources, and by improving business processes), or seriously reduce its market presence.In some cases, the competition is too high and did lead the company to bankruptcy.
non-market factors of pricing
note that in some cases the pricing (price classification can also be based on the relevant criteria) carried out under the influence of non-market factors.Most often it is the administrative arrangements that could enable the state (or local entity - the regional government, the municipality).For example, the current situation in the world can be traced to the influence of the political factor in the formation of prices: those or other indicators of the cost of goods may be higher or lower than the market, not because of the mechanisms of demand and supply, and because of the tense relations between States or, conversely, too friendly relations of one countryto another.
So, we explored what price (concept, function, classification).We realized that there are a large number of research approaches to the determination of its essence.We also identified several popular classification criteria prices prevalent in Russia and among the world's experts.We can conclude that this indicator value of the goods, despite the seeming simplicity of the structure - a phenomenon critical in terms of the development of any economic system - individual enterprise, holding or the country as a whole.Proper pricing - ensuring the competitiveness factor in successful economic mechanisms arrayed entrepreneurs and state authorities.
