Microscope called unique device designed to increase the microimages and measure the size of objects or structural formations as seen through the lens.This development is amazing, and the value of the invention of the microscope is extremely high, because without him there would be some areas of modern science.And here in more detail.
Microscope - related telescope device that is used for entirely different purposes.With it is possible to consider the structure of objects that are invisible to the eye.It allows you to determine the morphological parameters microformations, as well as to assess their volume location.Because it's hard to imagine how important was the invention of the microscope, and his appearance influenced the development of science.
History microscope and optics
Today difficult to say who first invented the microscope.Perhaps this question will be discussed as well as the creation of a crossbow.However, unlike the arms of the microscope invention actually occurred in Europe.And who exactly is still unknown.The probability that the device has become a pioneer Hans Jansen, a Dutch master for the production of glasses, is quite high.His son, Zacharias Janssen, in 1590, made a statement that he and his father built the microscope.
But in 1609 there was one more mechanism that created the Galileo Galilei.He called it occhiolino and presented to the public Accademia dei Lincei.Evidence that at that time was able to use a microscope, a sign on the print of Pope Urban III.It is believed that it is a modification of images obtained by microscopy.Light microscopy (composite) Galileo Galilei consisted of one convex and one concave lens.
Improvement and introduction of
Even 10 years after the invention of Galileo Cornelius Drebbel creates compound microscope having two convex lenses.And later, that is the end of the 1600s, Christian Huygens has developed a system of two-lens eyepieces.They are available now, though they lack the breadth of the review.But, more importantly, with the help of the microscope in 1665 by Robert Hooke had studied slice of cork oak, where the scientist saw the so-called cell.The result of the experiment was the introduction of the concept of "cell".
Another father microscope - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - just re-invented it, but managed to attract the attention of biologists to the device.And then it became clear, how important was the invention of the microscope for science, because it is possible to develop microbiology.Probably, said device greatly accelerated the development and science, as long as people did not see germs, he believed that diseases arise from the impropriety.And in science reigned concept of alchemy and vitalistic theory of the existence of the living and the spontaneous generation of life.
microscope Leeuwenhoek
invention of the microscope is a unique event in the science of the Middle Ages, because thanks to a device able to find a lot of new items for scientific discussion.Moreover, many theories collapsed because of microscopy.And in this great merit of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.He was able to improve the microscope so that it provides a detailed view of the cell.And if to consider, in this context, it is indeed the father of Leeuwenhoek microscope of this type.
structure of the device itself
light microscope Leeuwenhoek was a plate with a lens that can greatly increases the objects under consideration.This plate with the lens had a tripod.Through him it was mounted on a horizontal table.By directing the light and lens positioning between her and the candle flame test material, it was possible to see the bacterial cells.And the first material that Antoni van Leeuwenhoek explored was plaque.In it the scientist saw many creatures that call until he could not.
uniqueness microscope Leeuwenhoek strikes.Available when the component models are not given a high-quality image.Moreover, the presence of two lenses only increased defects.Because it took more than 150 years, until the compound microscopes, originally developed by Galileo and Drebbel, began to give the same image quality as the device Leeuwenhoek.Himself Antoni van Leeuwenhoek is still not considered the father of microscopy, but on the right is an acknowledged master of microscopy of native materials and cells.
invention and improvement of lenses
The concept of lenses already existed in ancient Rome and Greece.For example, in Greece by means of convex glasses managed to light a fire.And in Rome, have long noticed the properties of glass vessels filled with water.They can enlarge images, although not many times.Further development of the lens is not known, although it is clear that progress on the ground could not stand.
known that in the 16th century, Venice was included in the application points.Proof of this are the facts of a machine for grinding glass that allows to receive the lens.There were also drawings of optical devices, which are mirrors and lenses.The authorship of this work belongs to Leonardo da Vinci.But before that people work with a magnifying glass: even in 1268 Roger Bacon put forward the idea of creating a telescope.Later it was implemented.
obvious that the authorship of the lens does not belong to anyone.But it is observed until such time as the optics are not engaged Carl Friedrich Zeiss.In 1847 he started producing microscopes.Then, his company has become a leader in the development of optical glasses.It exists to this day, remains the main industry.To cooperate with it all the companies that produce photo and video cameras, scopes, range finders, telescopes and other devices.
Improving microscopy
history of the invention of the microscope is striking in its detailed study.But equally interesting is the story and further improve microscopy.We began to appear new types of microscopes and scientific thought, generating them, go deeper.Now the aim of the exercise was not only the study of microbes, but also consideration of smaller components.Onymi are molecules and atoms.Already in the 19th century they were able to explore the means of X-ray analysis.But science demanded more.
So, already in 1863, explorer Henry Clifton Sorby for the study of meteorites was developed by a polarizing microscope.And in 1863, Ernst Abbe developed the theory of the microscope.It has been successfully taken over in the production of Carl Zeiss.His company through this has developed to a recognized industry leader of optical devices.
But then came 1931 - the creation of an electron microscope.He became a new kind of device, allowing you to see much more than light.It does not apply to X-ray photons and polarized light, and electrons - particles much smaller than the simplest ions.This invention has allowed to develop an electron microscope histology.Now scientists have found full confidence that their judgments about the cell and its organelles really correct.However, only in 1986, the creator of the electron microscope Ernst Ruska was awarded the Nobel Prize.Moreover, already in 1938, James Hillier builds a transmission electron microscope.
new types of microscopes
Science after the success of many scientists develop faster.And because the purpose dictated by new realities, was the need to develop a highly sensitive microscope.And already in 1936 Erwin Müller manufactured a field emission device.And in 1951, it made another device - a field ion microscope.It is extremely important, because it first allowed scientists to see atoms.And in addition to that in 1955, Jerzy Nomarski developed the theoretical basis of differential interference contrast microscopy.
Improvement newest microscopes
invention of the microscope is not yet a success, because the force ions or photons pass through the biological environment, and then to consider the resulting image, in principle, it is not difficult.Here are just a matter of improving the quality of microscopy was really important.And after these conclusions scientists have created a flight mass analyzer, called scanning ion microscope.
This device allows you to scan separately taken the atom and to obtain information about the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.At the X-ray analysis, this method will significantly speed up the process of identification of many substances found in nature.And already in 1981, it was introduced a scanning tunneling microscope, and in 1986 - the atomic force.1988 - the year of the invention of the scanning electrochemical microscope tunnel.But the latest and most useful is the Kelvin probe force.It was developed in 1991.
rank global significance of the invention of the microscope
Beginning in 1665, when Leeuwenhoek engaged in glass processing and manufacturing of microscopes, the industry has evolved and became more complex.And wondering about what importance was the invention of the microscope, it is necessary to consider the main achievements of microscopy.Thus, this method is allowed to consider a cage, which was the next push of biology.The device is then allowed to see the cell organelles, which made it possible to form patterns of the cell structure.
microscope then allowed to see the molecule and the atom, and later, scientists were able to scan their surfaces.Moreover, the microscope can be seen by even the electron clouds of the atoms.As the electrons move at the speed of light around the core, then consider this particle is absolutely impossible.Despite this, it will be understood how important was the invention of the microscope.It gave an opportunity to see something new that you can not see the eye.It's an amazing world, the study of which has brought man to the modern achievements in physics, chemistry and medicine.And it is all works.
