World culture, acting as the phenomena of social life, is of interest for a variety of sciences.This phenomenon is examined sociology and aesthetics, archeology, ethnography and others.Next, we look at what is a world culture.
General
should start with the definition of "culture".The term very many meanings.The special editions and art can meet a lot of interpretations of this concept.In ordinary life, a culture, understand the level of care and education rights.Aesthetically, this phenomenon is directly linked to numerous works of folk art and professional art.In public life, also apply the definition of speech, political, mental, cultural production.
Former concepts
earlier achievements correspond to the level of culture of crafts and sciences, and the purpose was thought to make people happy.The history of world culture out into the depths of centuries.The concept was opposed to the barbaric savagery of the people and its state.After a while there was also pessimistic definition.Its adherents, in particular, was Rousseau.He believed that the world culture as a whole is a source of evil and injustice in society.According to Rousseau, it is the destroyer of morality and do not make people happy and rich.In addition, he believed that human vices - is the result of cultural achievements.Rousseau offered to live in harmony with nature, to carry out education of the person on her bosom.In classical German philosophy of world culture was perceived as a sphere of spiritual freedom of people.Herder put forward the idea that this phenomenon is the progress of development of abilities of the mind.
Marxist philosophy in the 19th century, the concept of "world culture" was used as a characteristic of human creativity and the complex results of its operations.Marxism emphasized the conditionality of culture specific production method.It was believed that she has always had a particular character: the bourgeois, primitive, and so on. D. Marxism explored different manifestations: political, labor and other crops.
Understanding
Philosopher Nietzsche sought to bring the tradition of the critics of the phenomenon to the limit.He considered culture only as a means of enslavement and oppression of man by means of legal and other regulations, prohibitions, orders.Nevertheless, philosophers believe that it is necessary.He explained this by the fact that the person itself is being countercultural, overbearing and natural.
theory Spengler
He rejected the notion that the history of world culture combined with the progress.According to Spengler, it is divided into several unique and independent organisms.These items are not linked and are naturally several successive stages: emergence, flowering and dying.Spengler believed that no single world culture.Philosopher singled out eight local cultures: Russian-Siberian, Mayan, Western European, Byzantine-Arab, Greek and Roman, Chinese, Indian, Egyptian.They were considered as existing independently and on their own.
modern understanding of world culture - a phenomenon varied.It was formed under different conditions.The modern concept is very many-sided phenomenon, because it includes the basics of world cultures.The development of each nation is unique.The culture of a nation reflects in itself its fate and historical way, her position in society.However, despite this diversity, it is a common notion.The big contribution to world culture has made the capitalist market.For centuries it has destroyed national barriers, established in the Middle Ages, turning the planet into a "one-house" for humanity.Of particular importance to world culture was the discovery of America by Columbus.This event is to actively contribute to the elimination of isolation of peoples and countries.Until the interaction of cultures is a process more local.
Major trends in
In XX century, there was a dramatic acceleration of the convergence of national and regional cultures.To date, determined by two trends in the development of this complex.The first of these should be regarded as the desire for uniqueness and originality, preservation of "face."This is most obvious in the folklore, literature and language.The second trend is considered to be the interpenetration and interaction of different cultures.This is made possible through the use of effective means of communication and communications, an active economic and trade exchanges, as well as the existence of common administrative structures that control these processes.For example, at the United Nations, UNESCO works - the organization responsible for issues of science, education and culture.As a result, the process takes a holistic view of development.On the basis of cultural synthesis formed a single planetary civilization, has a global world culture.The man in this case is its creator.As culture contributes to the development of people.In it people get experience and knowledge of its predecessors.
world religious cultures
This phenomenon involves many systems.They are formed on a national basis, associated with ancient beliefs and folk traditions, language.These or other earlier beliefs were localized in certain countries.Basics of world religious cultures are closely linked to national and ethnic peoples.
Judaism
This religion originated among the ancient Jews.At the beginning of the second millennium, these people spread through Palestine.Judaism - one of the few religions that have survived to the present time practically unchanged form.This belief marks the transition from polytheism to monotheism.
Hinduism
This form of religion is one of the most common.It arose in the first millennium AD.It was the result of competition between Jainism, Buddhism (the new religion) and Brahmanism.
beliefs in ancient China
most common in the old days were the religion as Confucianism and Taoism.With regard to the first this day debate.Although there are many features that make Confucianism a religion considered by many it is not recognized as such.A special feature is the absence of his priestly caste and the performance of rites government officials.Taoism is considered the traditional religious forms.It provides for a hierarchical layer of the priests.The basis of the religion were magic spells and actions.Taoism is a higher level of consciousness.In this case, religion has acquired a supranational character.Under this form of mixed faiths Representatives of different languages and peoples.They can both geographically, culturally located quite far from each other.
Buddhism
This ancient world religious culture originated in the V century.BC.e.The number of believers is a few hundred million.According to ancient records, the founder serves as Prince Siddhartha Gautama in India.He got the name of Buddha.The basis of this religion advocates moral teachings, by which a man can become perfect.Initially, the commandments of Buddhism involve negative mold and have a forbidding character: do not take someone else's, not to kill, and so on.For those who want to be perfect, these requirements are absolute truths.
Christian
This religion is now regarded as the most common.There are more than a billion believers.As a basis the Bible, including the Old and New Testaments.The most important cult rituals considered communion and baptism.The latter is considered to be a symbol of a person removed from the original sin.
Islam
This religion professed by the Arabic-speaking peoples, the majority of Asian and North African population.The main book of Islam is considered to be the Koran.It is a collection of records and the sayings of the founder of the teachings of the religion of Muhammad.
In conclusion
Religion is one of the main forms of moral system.Inside it formed the true commandments, that person needs to follow throughout his life.At the same time religion is a social factor that regulates the interaction between people.This is especially important for those companies whose members perceive their freedom as permissiveness.
