Arctic - Territory of the Arctic Ocean from the outskirts of the continents and seas.Most of the region covered with glaciers.Arctic indigenous peoples have become accustomed to the harsh Arctic conditions.In this article we will discuss in more detail about how to have mastered this territory, who populates it and the lives of local people.
Feature territory
Before we talk about what kind of people are the indigenous people of the Arctic, it is necessary to describe the region.Translated from the Greek word "Arctic" means "bear".Most of the island - the Greenland Ice Sheet.Arctic indigenous peoples have adapted to the harsh and long winter frost.For example, in the Taimyr Peninsula, the temperature is -50 degrees Celsius.Winter can last up to 9 months there.In summer, bask in the sun will not succeed, because the maximum temperature reaches 10 degrees.Everyone knows that there is in the Arctic polar night and polar day.
Arctic territory is divided into three parts:
- shrub tundra;
- typical tundra (moss lichen);
- Arctic.
process development
formation of a network of organizations of indigenous peoples of the Arctic accounts for 20 st century.However, the process of development began much earlier.More than 30 000 years ago, ancient humans first set foot on this land.Then, on the territory of the Arctic roamed thousands of heads of deer and bulls.Ancient people quietly got up to the Arctic, crossing the borders of Asia, China and Mongolia.
first signs of life of ancient people were found in the lower reaches of the Yana River.Archaeologists believe that the first inhabitants of the harsh land lived here about 37 000 years ago.Ancient people left rock carvings and ornaments on the surface of the figures of the mammoth and stones.They depicted scenes of hunting them.
Arctic and indigenous peoples
first inhabitants who came to this land for more than 30 000 years ago, and stayed here.According to statistics, the indigenous people of the Arctic - they are representatives of 17 different nations.These social groups differ in individual native language, traditions and loyalties, cultural and sociological institutions and values.As a rule, the indigenous peoples of the Arctic are scarce.Their number is rarely greater than 50 000 people.
list of indigenous people of the Arctic has been regulated by the state, it includes:
- Vepsians;
- Aleuts;
- Nenets;
- chum;
- Oluchi;
- Alyutors;
- Eskimos;
- Sami;
- Orok;
- Dolgan;
- Enets;
- ulchi;
- Chukchi;
- Kamchadals and others.
Arctic indigenous peoples exist in relatively small quantities.According to the latest census, there are about 260,000 people.
Lifestyle indigenous
Those who are the indigenous people of the Arctic are usually semi-nomadic lifestyle.It is considered normal for the local community.Constant migrations from the tundra to the steppe zone - a traditional way of life.The majority of the indigenous peoples of the Arctic are engaged:
- reindeer;
- hunting;
- gathering;
- fishing.
This way of life gives the population of the Arctic special ethnic characteristics.Identity of the people is similar to the other cultures of the Far East, Siberia and the Far North.A similar way of life is found in coast-dwellers, Yakuts, Karelia, Komi and the Old Believers, because their livelihood depends on the environmental conditions, weather, and so on. D. According to statistics, in the north is now home to about 1.5 million people.Until a few decades ago, this figure was 10 times less.This change is directly linked with a move to the north of the Russians, whose main purpose - to earn extra money.After all, in recent years there has been opened a huge number of enterprises on production, processing and transportation of raw materials.
Climate change and adaptation of local residents
Arctic indigenous peoples have passed a difficult way to adapt to the environment.Entire centuries gone out to get used to the conditions of the north.Because of this locals minimal impact on the nature and use its resources in a sparing mode.Only the traditional way of life helps the indigenous peoples to cope with such a complex process as adaptation.The main objective of the people living in the Arctic - to maintain the level of productivity of land and monitor biological diversity.Only because of his attentiveness and sensitivity to the world around indigenous inhabitants have adapted to the harsh conditions of existence.This helped them to their customs, festivals and rituals that are passed from generation to generation.
Traditions
Any name of the indigenous people of the Arctic itself commands respect from others.They were able to survive in such a harsh environment and exist until now.This traditional knowledge handed down from generation to generation, have helped to make it.These include:
- Doing business calendars.Hunting and Fishing determines the optimal place of production and the timing.Regulations constitute a captive animals and fish.Depending on the growth of the northerners were the burden on the population of certain animals.
- Preservation of indigenous breeds of domestic animals.
- Protection of breeding sites of commercial species.
- cleaning spawning areas, pastures, rivers and spawning aggregations of animals.
- transmission of traditional knowledge of treatment and methods of psycho-energetic effects on humans.The elders and shamans had this information.In addition, the indigenous inhabitants of a child mastered the technology of hardening, engaged and trained.Having reached the age of ten, children were able to run multiple production processes.
How does climate change impact on the indigenous people of the Arctic?
Millennium northerners needed to adapt to the harsh conditions.Statistics show that local residents have repeatedly experienced the warming, then cooling of the climate.But they were able to go to adapt to such whims of nature.The peoples of years to develop a strategy of nature and how addiction.These include:
- selfless assistance to the needy.The peoples of the neighbors helped each other in difficult situations.
- mobility.The indigenous peoples of the Arctic, if necessary, can quickly migrate to a different location.It is considered the main way of adapting to the climate of local residents.
- Learning new ways of nature.For example, residents of Chukotka in time learned how to grow potatoes and raise horses.
live in such harsh conditions is not easy.However, northerners do an excellent job with this task.Of course, the strongest cold, polar night, rainfall often interfere with the functioning of the industrial complex, the work of many companies at this time is suspended.But it helps the region to develop and find new ways of development of the environment.
