Back in the USSR in connection with the growing burden on the city streets, as well as in other countries at the time, began a large-scale construction of the underground passages.Why underground?Because they do not greatly disturb the architectural appearance of the cities, as opposed to the ground.Two more advantages - the ability to combine them with the outputs of the subway stations, and they are the most convenient and safe for pedestrians.
What underpass?
Transition is a tunnel under the roadway or railway leading to it from the steps.Steps are often equipped with rolling tracks for easy descent bike, wheelchairs and children.
During the Soviet Union, they had only to go to the functional significance of pedestrians, and after the collapse of the country they were installed billboards larechki shops.
There are cases when large underground passages were converted into shopping centers.In such cases, the entrances to the passages are closed at night.In the big cities subways stations with outputs often go into the underpass.Subway most cities built in this way.
Many cities abandoned and unfinished transition, which often interested diggers.
For projects of many urban planners, there are places in which you can only walk through the underpass.This place is in Berlin - Tiergarten park area because the area is surrounded on all sides of the roadway.In Simferopol there is such a transition area at Amet-Khan Sultan.All tunnels his way out into the open underground area with stalls (central market).Similar transitions have in other cities.
subways - solutions to problems
One of the most effective ways of solving these problems is the development of underground space.This is evidenced by the world practice.
In Russia, under the ground are being built large projects for various purposes.It tunnels, parking garages, industrial premises, warehouses, line alignment with the metro stations.In large amounts, and are built crossings for pedestrians in order to ensure the safety of people and unloading of the ground part of the city streets.
Construction of underpasses requirements
considerable complexity and level of responsibility of such underground structures, a great impact on their existing surrounding buildings make demands, compliance with which is very important in the design and construction of these facilities.
The main ones are:
1) A careful study of the great depth of soil properties, forecasting of possible changes in their condition, as well as examination of the grounds of nearby objects.
2) The technology used in the construction of underground facilities need to ensure the safety of surrounding objects (monuments of history and architecture).To this end, it is desirable to use mathematical modeling of changes in the state of the soil mass.
3) The most important and paramount condition - the protection of underground structures erected on groundwater.
European transitions
Unlike Russia, in Western countries subways in the city streets are very rare.
course there are transitions, combined with the metro stations, which operate largely a function to go to the right side of the street.Typically in these countries use terrestrial transitions.
consider several European cities.
London - a city comparable in scope (population) with Moscow.There, just as in Russia, there is a problem of large flow separation and a great number of pedestrians transport.We solve everything else.In this town of about 300 transitions (2 times less than in Moscow).The main direction of the country - the replacement of all transmissions to the street, where possible.
Paris is also comparable with Moscow.However, in the heart of Paris underground and surface transitions are completely absent, except for combined metro stations.People are moving out of multi-band "zebra".
also the case in Rome, Florence and Stockholm.
Transitions
Russian capital Moscow, in addition to the unique architectural monuments and museums, on the surface, and has the unique attractions including underground facilities, including pedestrian crossings.
On October 16, 1959 in Moscow, was built the first underground crossing for people.Since then, they became a lot, and some of them can be called a work of art.Many subways of Moscow stored in a memory of bygone days.
Unusual, unique transitions Moscow
The underpass near the house-museum of Marina Tsvetaeva name can be read numerous quotes and aphorisms of this great poet.Moreover, all decorated with not only Russian, but also several Western European languages, indicating that the global significance of creativity of talented poetess.
Thus, the transition has two functions: to popularize the works of genius and an amazing tribute to the poet.
Daylight Vozdvizhenka - the worship of another great writer, where the designers have created a very informative and a great spectacle, dedicated to Gogol.On the walls you can see the most famous philosophical quotes classic.
unusual and creative approach used by many authors, making out underground passages.
The museum Moscow transition is a likeness of the window in the last century.You can go around the craftsmen, traders, the elderly and many other people in the city of bygone eras.Talented artists are recreated the atmosphere of the early twentieth century.
Using photographs decorated the transition near Mayakovsky Museum.Employees of cultural institutions in the vaults of the transition hanged pictures of the poet, captured him from infancy until the last months of life.Here it is presented and autobiographical passages from the works of "Myself", a phrase with hospitality.People interested in, find yourself a continuation statements.Very instructive and informative.
Today, throughout the world there is an increase in the construction of subways, especially in large cities.This is due to the fact that is continuously growing concentration of population in cities and the number of the car park.A recent contributes to almost all modern urban problems - environmental, territorial, transport and energy.
