The main feature of the land as a natural soil elements is their fertility.From this quality depends on the vitality of all living beings of the planet, plants and, of course, people.
soil as a basic component of nature uses all its resources (solar energy, nutrients), generates them in the so-called nutrients and supplies of plants, which, in turn, consume the animals and mankind.Occurring in the soil cover of the bio-physical and chemical processes are not simple, and the content of the constituents in the soil (falling into it and formed it) and depends on its fertility.
What characterizes the fertility of the soil?
From the above, and concludes that the fertility of the land - is the ability of soil to provide various types of growth and reproduction of various plant favorable conditions, which are not limited only to a balanced combination of moisture and heat.
ancient symbol of fertility of the land
fertility symbols of the ancient Slavs was a rhombus divided schematically into four parts, each segment of the figure portrayed point.Rhombus meant cultivated fields and terms - grew on their culture.
symbol of fertility deposited the instruments of agricultural labor, the walls of the house and bring on the inhabitants of the ancient legend, prosperity and grace.Portrayed diamond in some way was the founder of the division of agricultural land into separate areas, and then the field.
At the same time a modern symbol of fertility of the land is sown with wheat spike or field.
Classification fertility
fertility - is not only a natural feature of the earth, but also an indicator of soil quality, which is the most important criterion in agricultural production.
With agronomic point of view, the following types of soil fertility:
- natural (natural);
- artificial (effective);
- economic.
these concepts and guided many modern agronomists who carried out analysis of fertility and, depending on the resulting figure is used or that the technology of cultivation of soil covers farmland.
Characteristic fertility
natural fertility - a measure of the quality of the soil in which it has no different interventions of the human, labor and mechanical resources, as well as chemical and mineral components.In modern times, the figure is higher only in those areas where it is not applied modern technological processes of processing land.The percentage of those of today is very low.
effective fertility - are qualities possessed the land as a result of direct exposure to the targeting of human labor and enterprise, which includes all agro-technical processes using mechanized resource reclamation and, of course, the use of fertilizers - organic and mineral, as well as meansdestroying pests.Effective fertility is created in order to achieve high yields, and their implementation of high returns.
economic fertility - a measure of the economic valuation of land, which are the basis of its potential to bear fruit and economic features of certain sites.
Under the potential ability of land is a combination of natural and acquired their properties as a result of the cultivation of land by man.
natural fertility is the most popular in modern times due to the depletion of many plots of soil due to excessive mechanized processes.Too many modern landowners are trying to gradually move it to the natural recovery of the quality of the soil without the use of agro-technical and agrochemical measures.
Characteristics of relative soil fertility
above listed types of fertility may be reduced to yet another definition - a relative fertility, which refers to the ability of the land to feed the soil some kinds of plants and reject others.And no crop rotation makes on these soils no positive result.
All natural soil processes, soils and vegetation types are very closely related and cause the positive properties of each other.For plant growth, yield and natural strength due to soil fertility, and it, in turn, depends on the type of vegetation growing in the soil cover.
If you change the background vegetable land, then changed their fertility.If you appreciate all the land of the world, we can see that the desert areas is much less than those that are filled with their characteristic vegetation.Thus, wetlands are filled with water-loving vegetation, forest plantations are suitable acidic podzolic soils or saline soils.From this it follows that all types of soil have its limit of natural fertility, but not in the assessment of the total, as regards certain types of plants.
We conclude that different areas have unequal soil fertility of the land of potential and effectiveness in relation to many kinds of plants.
Since there is a clear understanding that certain soils have the potential for favorable growing certain crops, the agricultural needs of the most profitable uses for this land.This is mainly fertile black soil.
elements of soil fertility
Soil fertility is formed in the course of its natural structure and is determined not only feature, for example, nutrient or humus, but also covers all the characteristics peculiar to it.The fertility of individual sections is determined not only by the state of the upper layers of soil, but also depends on the depth of the structure, which affects the vegetation with deep root system.
Thus, fertility depends entirely on the profile of the land, from its upper and low-lying structures, the availability of groundwater, the quality of the subsoil layers - clay or stony.The elements of the indicator of soil fertility are physical, biological and chemical properties of soils and their annual dynamics - size distribution profile of the land, the structure of the soil layers, water-physical properties, the biological components, the ability to absorb heat and moisture.
classification of agricultural lands, depending on the indicator of fertility
Land is the principal means of production in agriculture, fertility which is always the main theme of the day.It determines the future soil fertility crop rotation.The quality of the soil is always dependent on the result of a planned final harvest efforts.
Agricultural land - with / agricultural land, which include hayfields and pastures, fallow, perennial plantations and arable land.
Haymakings - it plots used for haymaking in order to ensure food fowl grass in winter cultivation.Depending on the fertility of these are classified in the flood - the most rich in lush vegetation, upland, wetland hard-filled bushes or are in the districts of the forest littered with stones and clumps artificially improved net.
Pastures - it lands, which are intended for grazing cattle in the spring, summer, autumn growing period.The vegetation in the pastures more scarce than in the hayfields, due to the influence of numerous factors cattle trampling of many plant species.They, in turn, are divided into upland and wetlands, cultivated improved.
For many years plantations are orchards and berry fields, vineyards.Deposits - is unused for more than a year sowing tillage.
And the most valuable kind of farmland is arable land, which is used for sowing of grain, maize, sunflower, canola, buckwheat and planting of vegetable crops.Depending on the index of the natural fertility of arable land is classified into irrigated, drainage, insufficient moisture, eroded and littered with stones.
Evaluation of soil fertility
Depending on the intended use of agricultural land is carried out an assessment of their potential properties to play a certain amount of harvest of various crops.
Agricultural land, combined with the natural balance of plant can be characterized by a high-level indicator of fertility and the lowest rate.Fertility is defined proportion of biomass accumulating in the soil cover due to growing on grounds either alone or other crops.
main indicator of fertility in agricultural production is the productivity of arable soils.Plot of the state cadastre, dividing lands in quality fertility, emphasizes the value of a potential indicator of productivity that can not be stable if the soil misused or do not adhere to a particular crop rotation without depleting the fertility of the soil, and, on the contrary, increases the potential of opportunities to givehigh yields.
Pochvoutomlenie farmland
Many land experts believe that the fertility of the land increases due to modern scientific and technical methods of its cultivation.However, long-standing practice and indicates the opposite result, that characterizes its decline.Not always cultivation of land cover leads to the preservation of the natural balance of the soil cover.
Each culture is grown on a particular plot of land changes the natural chemistry of the soil and selects from it a lot of nutrients.For this reason, additional measures are needed to restore fertility.The evaporation of moisture, soil erosion, low humus content and nutrients - is the result of unprofessional cultivation of land.
In the first years of cultivation land soil resources is characterized by high fertility, then after a few years of its operation using a mechanized processing leads to a significant decrease in this indicator due to the depletion of the land of the upper layers, which is why there are different agro-technical measures to restore the natural balance by artificial means.If no action is taken, the land loses its ability to produce high yields and the process is called pochvoutomleniem.
Factors fertility
From the above it can be concluded that the fertility of cultivated land affected by certain factors, reflecting the relationship of soil microorganisms and plants.
These include the acidity, clay, salt content and alkali content of the heat, the water surface slope, chemical and biological soil toxicity, lack of aeration.
eliminate and minimize the factors affecting the decline of soil fertility
Improving soil fertility is reduced to the agro-technical measures that restore the natural balance of the land and minimize the impact of the above factors:
- by excessive acidity performed liming;
- with excess alkali content - kislotovanie, gypsum, making physiologically acidic fertilizers;
- with excess salt - washing groundwater;
- high clay content - deep loosening, making sand;
- high density of soil - loosening, grass cultivation of the soil composition and structure;
- with a lack of nutrients - the application of mineral and organic fertilizers;
- in chemical and biological toxicosis - fallowing and agro-technical land reclamation.
seasonal fertilization
often increase soil fertility plowing carried out with the help of mineral fertilizers.That these elements are the source of the missing plant nutrient chemicals.
Fertilization spring means application of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers.In autumn the soil is enriched with nutrients with organic fertilizers - manure, compost, plant manure.
Improving fertility of farmland
on improving soil fertility not only affects fertilization in spring and autumn, but also respect for the right proportions of fertilizers, because the lack of surplus and is characterized by the decline in add-yield land.
fertilized soil is always combined with indicators of crop rotation, mechanical handling and reclamation measures.
