1. The first device for detection of deception called "gidrosfigmometr."He began using the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso.In 1890 with the help of gidrosfigmometra he measured the blood pressure of the suspects, while they were interrogated by the police.Lombroso claimed to be able to identify when criminals lie.Featuring photographs, related or not related to the crime, he also recorded the heart rate and blood from suspects.
2. The prototype of the modern polygraph developed in the 1920s by John Larson (John Larson), a California police officer.He created the device provides simultaneous recording of blood pressure, pulse and respiration.With this unit conducted a large number of checks of persons suspected of criminal offenses.
Larson called his instrument "polygraph", borrowing the name of John Hawkins (John Hawkins), who invented the term in 1804.The name "polygraph" is derived from two Greek words - "poly" (many) and "Count" (to write).
3. In 1926, a student and an employee, John Larson named Leonard Keeler (Leonard Keeler) has entered into an existing polygraph additional channel registers the change of the skin resistance.This greatly increased the accuracy of testing.Keeler Polygraph, created in 1933, was used in the Chicago laboratory investigations of crimes.Later, Keeler was introduced for the registration of a fifth channel - channel tremor (trembling of muscles).Thus began the modern stage "lie detection".The basic set of registration channels (breathing, blood pressure, skin resistance and tremor), proposed by Larson and Keeler, is present in all modern appliances.
4. Modern polygraph records the signals from the sensors, which are attached to various parts of the body.This change of parameters associated with the fluctuations in the level of arousal.It is believed that the lie will cause a higher level of stimulation than telling the truth.
5. Modern barking detectors can record up to 50 physiological parameters: facial flushing, or its individual parts, lips twitching, expansion / contraction of the pupils, rapid blinking, and other changes that may be indicative of deception.
6. Often called the polygraph lie detector, but this term is incorrect, as in misleading the public.The polygraph reads thoughts and finds no lie, but only records changes in physiological activity and its parameters.It reveals not a lie, but only excitement that a certain degree of probability may indicate lying.
7. Contrary to popular belief, the polygraph test is not strictly scientific standardized procedure.There are many doubts and criticisms concerning the scientific credibility of the results.It is believed that this is more of an art, not a science, since so much depends on the qualifications, experience and intuition polygraph specialist.
8. One evening eighteen Peter Reilly returned home and found his mother dead.He decided that she was killed and called the police.After talking to Raleigh police suspected him of killing his own mother.It was appointed to a polygraph test.Police said Peter failed to pass the test, thus indicating that he was guilty, even though no memories of what happened.Two years later, an independent investigation found that Reilly could not have committed the murder and that the recognition that even he began to believe it was actually false.
9. The usefulness of the polygraph for the selection of personnel has not yet been proved.One reason is that the employer is interested in the selection of general information about the candidate.For example, if he is honest and happened if the applicant is a steal.
10. The most scandalous case of the use of polygraph in business occurred in 1987, during the investigation of the theft in the broadcaster CBS.The company turned to the four New York firms dealing polygraph test to establish which of the employees stole an expensive camera.It was pure farce: in fact, the camera did not disappear, and all the company's employees perfectly know about it.They just were instructed to deny the theft (ie telling the truth).In the end, each of the four experts confidently "revealed" criminal, and in each case it was just the fellow to whom before the test was reported as a suspect.
11. In addition to the assumptions about the possible guilt of the subjects on the result of a polygraph examination may affect other subjective factors, such as sympathy or pity for the suspect.The polygraph examiner will begin unconsciously "play up" the subject, and it is possible that in these cases the result "is guilty" will be less likely.
12. Is it possible to cheat a lie detector?Yes it is possible.There are different types of fraud polygraph, such as biting tongue, the tension in the legs (by the pressure big toes on the floor), thought by sheep or by in reverse order.These actions will lead to physiological reactions which the polygraph registers.
13. It is believed that psychopaths can more effectively deceive the polygraph than healthy people.The level of excitement in psychopaths and pathological liars lie when reporting is not increased, and therefore to reveal the lies they can not be.In addition to differences between psychopaths and healthy people, we found differences in the polygraph between introverts and extroverts.
14. The most famous test for resistance to a lie detector was held Floyd Fey nicknamed "Flyer".He was wrongly convicted of murder after a failed passing a polygraph test.Innocence Fairy was established only a few years later.During his ill-founded his release in prison, he decided to take revenge and became an expert on polygraph testing.Floyd has trained 27 inmates who voluntarily confessed to the crime, how to pass the test of control questions.After a 20-minute lesson 23 of the 27 prisoners have passed a polygraph test, which showed their innocence.
15. In a study conducted in 1994, the subjects for 30 minutes, were trained to use a physical counter (biting the tongue or the pressure of the toes on the floor) or mental (thought through in reverse order, starting with seven).After this training session, they were tested on a polygraph.Mental and physical counteracting were equally effective, allowing approximately 50% of subjects to fool the polygraph.
16. spies and security officers are trained to deceive the polygraph.Known example of Aldrich Ames, a CIA agent who for years been selling secrets to the Soviet Union, and over the years held several polygraph tests.
17. In the UK, after a loud spy scandal, the government announced its intention to hold a pilot study testing the effectiveness of the polygraph.A number of famous psychologists have formed a working group headed by Professor T. Gale.The task of the group was to provide a status report on a polygraph test.The report of the working group of the British Psychological Society on the use of the polygraph contains sensational results and cast many into shock.Psychologists have questioned virtually all aspects of the polygraph, especially the accuracy of the results.The UK government has abandoned plans to introduce polygraph testing.
18. Futurists and science fiction for a long time thinking about how the polygraph will be used in the future.In fiction television series "Stargate» (SG-1) we can see the "detector stuffing» (Zatarc detector) - a fictional device that is used to determine stuffing - "sleeping agents" aliens who do not know about it.The detector compares the subconscious and the conscious memory of the test, because the aliens mask programming of the victims of false memory.During the interrogation, asking any question and the detector can determine the true whether caused by memory, even if the person does not know about this.
in the cult science fiction film "Blade Runner» (Blade Runner) used another kind of lie detector - test Voight-Kampf (Voight-Kampff test).This test is based on a question and answer emotional reactions, the main character of the film helps to define - a test person or android replicant, secretly made his way to Earth.The test result for the final verdict.
empathetic test Voight-Kampf coined by writer Philip Dick (Philip K. Dick), first mentioned in his novel "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?".According to F. Dick, empathy occurs only within the community of people.Even endowed with absolute intellectual power android sees no point in empathy, so the test fails.According to the magazine The Wave Magazine.
Articles Source: boone.ru
