generally accepted fact is that philosophy originated in ancient Greece in the VI century BC.e.
The term is composed of the Greek words such as "phileo" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom).So a literal translation - "love of wisdom".The philosophy can be interpreted as the doctrine of the world, the general patterns and principles of being, knowledge.It is a kind of spiritual and rationalist exploration of reality.In the philosophy of the important role played by the term "logos".
interpretation of the concept
Ancient Greek term "logos" was used for the first time philosopher and politician Heraclitus.He used it in his teaching as one of the main concepts.The term "logos" in the philosophy of antiquity subsequently becomes very popular and gets a lot of variations of interpretations.
is most often treated as a "thought" or "meaning" (the concept).Also common translation of "word" (meaningful, of value, information about an object or phenomenon).Alternatively, the logo - it is the word philosophy, carrying inseparable thought.
in different contexts this concept had different meanings.
ambiguity of the concept of "Logos»
Numerous interpretations of the term under consideration are found mainly in Heraclitus, in particular:
- Logos philosophy - it is a universal law that everything in the world is subject ("vseupravlyayuschy Logos").
- It acts expression of certainty and consistency, as well as sets the kind of boundaries within which the flow changes and transformation.Logos in philosophy - a (brief) Act, makes the world a harmonious, orderly and proportionate.That is, all changes take place inside it (assuming rastsenivaniya this concept as a measure).
- This term expresses the identity of these opposing concepts such as good and evil, day and night, cold and heat, forms are a unity, "whole and not an integer, convergent and divergent, agreement and disagreement, of all - one, one -all "(philosophy of Heraclitus -" The doctrine of the Logos ").
- discusses the concept is not used in relation to individual items.Logos in the philosophy of Heraclitus - the designation of the totality.
He expressed to them his vision of unity, harmony and integrity of the world.Heraclitus identified the concept of "logos" with the cosmos.Sensual component was generated from the fire appeared Cosmos and mental - Logos, due to the fact that the most important thing, which is fixed in the worldly life and is reflected in the views of the cosmos, speaking organization and world order, converting separately existing things together.
Thus, summarizing everything that involves the "doctrine of the Logos" Heraclitus, we can say that the concept is the law that gives the world substantiality, consistency and the ability to evolve.
significance of the term under review
Logos philosophy - it is as obligatory thing as law and policy, expressing the universality and totality of the mind.It consists of a fundamental-ontological content that represents the essence of the world order, and it can only grasp by mental, and not sensory perception.
move from myth to logos - is moving from a plurality of object and subject, from the fuzzy delineation of the human "I" and not "I" to a clear understanding of this confrontation, as well as differences between the object and the image.That is, the movement of the attitude to contemplation.
From myth to logos
There are a variety of concepts of transition from obsolete to a fundamentally new outlook.However, as fundamental are the following:
Mythogenic theory
essence of this concept - the allegation that the philosophy of the ancient Greek mythology, is a consequence of the second generation, speaking of the so-called rationalist interpretation.
myth is seen as the allegory behind which the real historical facts, real events, but strongly distorted and misinterpreted.The metaphor was of generalizing a function whereby a person designated by certain signs abstract concepts.Over time required to rationalize the myth (translate existing system of allegories and epithets in the language categories and concepts).
So, we can say that philosophy - it is adapted to the corresponding era mythology.
One of the options under consideration in favor of the concept symbolic theory that interprets the myth as a common sense and sensual image, backed by tradition and ritual.
Gnoseogennaya theory
At first glance, you might think that it is a counterweight to the one discussed above.In essence this concept inherent assertion that philosophy does not in common with the mythology, because it has a different source.Ideological views of the world were formed on the basis of scientific knowledge and the theoretical generalizations of real events.Philosophical thought has evolved through knowledge, radically opposing the fantastic views and beliefs.In this regard, it was concluded that the mythology can not be a previous history of philosophy (I is "The History of Philosophy").
Gnoseogenno-Mythogenic theory
As already evident from the title, this concept crosses the first two radical theory.She claims that in myth there are components of common sense, years of experience, and outside there are elements from different areas of science (medicine, mathematics, etc.), Borrowed from the East.
Sotsioantropomorfnaya (historical and psychological) theory
Its representative - French anthropologist, historian and researcher Jean-Pierre Vernan ("The Origin of Greek thought").He explains the process of being in terms of rationality by projecting them on a daily occurring situation, that is, the transformation is carried out thinking: all the cosmic phenomena began to be understood through a routine event, not the pagan gods of action.
Thus, the basis of each concept is based on two concepts - the myth and logos.Philosophy, if I may say so, the term has evolved from the first to the second.As has become clear, there are many points of view concerning the transition.
doctrine of the Logos of Heraclitus
This sample is not only ancient Greek materialism in the early period, but also ancient Greek dialectics.
According to Heraclitus, the logo means that the characteristic of everything and everyone around him, and that by which all things are governed by all.Apparently, this is one of the very first of its wording, where the idea of first principles is intertwined with barely emerging idea of total law governing all things.
It contains the possibility of differentiation of philosophy and physics, as well as the isolation of activities with regards to the study and description of nature.Of course, at the time Heraclitus took all three elements as one, united by the idea of the atoms.
philosophical experience of past years proved that it is impossible to identify with any single thing, with any of the existing material elements.But later it was found that the first principle can not be correlated with the matter at all, since almost all subsequent philosophers have wondered about the possibility of unification of the human spirit and the world in general, and in the narrower concept - the spirit and the body representative of the human race.At the time needed to find the principle of combining any body (including human), with internal content - soul.Thus, the difficult search for a universal unity of man and the world have acquired both within philosophy and culture as a whole is very clear outlines, which gradually developed into being a global problem.
Heraclitus interested mainly human thought, emotion and passion.Fire (invisible and dynamic) as the first principle was acceptable in the teachings of the philosopher's view of the fact that he had been associated with the human soul.For Heraclitus he characterized animated nature.According to his teachings, in the human body the soul is represented by the passions, thoughts, sufferings, and so on. N.
Viewed Greek term within Christianity
in the Hellenistic concept of "logos" enjoys the attention from the religious thought of the Mediterranean, which sought syncretic connect the Greek andEastern traditions.
Significant results of these experiments - the doctrine of the outstanding representative of the Jewish Hellenistic Philo.
He believed that the logo in philosophy - it is an internal plan and mind of God against the world.In addition, it is still perceived by Philo as an intermediary between the "first God" - the creator of all things and the "third god" - nature (the creation of the Lord), which is referred to as the "second god", "priest", "the only begotten son of God."
This doctrine of Philo largely influenced Christian theology: reflected in the teachings of the Gospel of John about the Logos ("In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (1: 1)), as well asApocalypse (19:13), the name of the "Word of God" refers to Jesus.
In contrast to this concept in the framework of Hellenistic philosophy (the emanation of the Absolute and the converted form of his stay in the lower worlds), in Christian philosophy expressed in the Gospel, the second person of the Trinity (Jesus Christ) logo means, firstly, the immediate stay of the Lord in the world,and secondly, syncretic unity with the human nature ("The Word became flesh," Jn., (1:14)).
German transcendentalism regards
of the concept in the philosophy of modern times interest in the issues logo has been replaced by problems of logic.However, in the framework of the German transcendentalism, which is characterized by interest, concreteness and historicity of the spirit, the logic of otherness, absolute and personal relationship has been found previously considered a return to the philosophy of the Logos.In particular, Kant had a Christological text, logo John interprets in terms of its compatibility with the existing principle of reason and the relationship with the problem of demarcation of religion and practical reason.
German philosopher Fichte, on the one hand, highlights the consistency of his teaching from the Gospel of John, on the other - it opposes Christianity ("eternal" Logos religion and knowledge) Paul's Christianity, largely "distort" Revelation.
For Hegel logo in philosophy - a concept (one of the main elements of its logic).Due to the fact that it is within the framework of this German philosopher advocates a kind of maximum disclosure as the Absolute Idea in and for itself, or rather ideas that overcame the split of objective and subjective forms and achieved freedom.Thus, its further development through the natural otherness to the concreteness of the Absolute Spirit can be considered as sverhempiricheskoy stories logo.
discusses the concept within the framework of Russian religious philosophy
term "logos" in the form of its existing dictionaries appears in the XIX-XX centuries.The universality of the theme sets the Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov, in terms specific to his "Alexandria" the context of the Gospel teaching ("Philosophical Principles of Integral Knowledge" and "Lectures on God-manhood").
to all sorts of interpretations of the concept of "logos" often resorted famous philosophers of the "unity" (Bulgakov, Karsavin Florensky, Frank).
Russian philosopher VF Ern pushes neoslavyanofilskuyu logizma ideology presented in the introduction of the book "The Struggle for the Logos" ("Logos is the slogan of"), which is opposed to Hellenic-Christian logos of Western rationalism.
discusses the concept in the philosophy of the XX century
topic logo is paid very much attention on the part of religious philosophers netomistskoy tradition (the concept of K. Rahner, where a person - "listener of the Word"), and representatives of the Protestant "dialectical theology" (Karl Barth).
is essential problems of the concept, especially with regards to the Hellenic heritage, for hermeneutics ("Truth and Method" Garamera).
German philosopher Martin Heidegger repeatedly in his latest works back to attempts to re-interpret the meaning of the forgotten ancient Greek logos - "gathering-open" force.
Within the framework of post-structuralism, the term is associated with the rationalist mythology of the West.So, for the method of deconstruction of Derrida's main goal is "disposal" of logocentrism, synonymous metaphysics.
Modern philosophy with respect to this concept
Many philosophers and the New and Newest time, such as A. Ivakin, Heidegger and others are considering the term "logos" as a deeply meaningful and multi-valued.He is treated as "word", "thought" ("word, speech, if they are sincere, are the same" thought ", but released outside, to freedom").It is also often used the translation of the term as a "sense" (principle base concept, the cause of) things or events.
Some Russian idealist philosophers use the logo as the designation of a single organic knowledge which is peculiar to the balance of heart and mind, the presence of intuition and analysis (PA Florensky, Ern VF).
