philosophy, cognitive science, found their principles in antiquity.Basic concepts about the possibilities and methods of human knowledge are formed in the schools of ancient Greek philosophy.The development of thinking in its history should be known triad of thesis-antithesis-synthesis.
thesis - a definite statement, characteristic of the historical period.
antithesis - the denial of entry of the principle by finding contradictions in it.
Synthesis - statement of the principle, based on a new level of historical forms of thinking.
logic of development can be traced in the history of the development of thinking, and in the formation of the concept, which is characteristic for a specific historical form, be it school or in the direction of sustainable development of the world.For the historical period when formed Eleatic school of philosophy, it was characterized by pro-materialist approach to cognition.The doctrine of the Pythagoreans about the physical nature of the first elements in the thesis was to form his own teaching Eleans.
Eleatic school of philosophy: the doctrine
in 570 BCGreek philosopher Xenophanes denied characteristic of this era polytheistic doctrine of God and justified the principle of unity of Being.This principle has been consistently further developed by his students, and the direction entered the history of science as the Eleatic school of philosophy.Briefly representatives of the teaching can be summarized in the following theses:
- Genesis one.
- Plurality is not reducible to a single, illusory.
- experience does not give reliable knowledge of the world.
Doctrine Eliyskih representatives can not be put in a certain thesis.It is much richer.Any teaching - it is a living process of knowing the truth or falsity of the allegations in the light of existing experience.Once the philosophical approach to the knowledge of nature and society is made as a concept, it becomes a subject of critical analysis and further denial.
Exegesis
Therefore, there is a certain style of interpretation of views, called exegesis.He also, as in ancient times, defined the history, culture, way of thinking era, the author's approach researcher.Therefore, the philosophy and the canonization impossible as thought forms, clothed in words, immediately lose their basic principle of negation.The same doctrine under different paradigms changes its meaning.
Eleatic school of philosophy, the basic ideas that were interpreted differently in historical periods, the proof of this fact.Important tselessoobraznost relations paradigm, in which the parameters of the study, and the very purpose of the study of the phenomenon.
main representatives of the school
representatives of a particular school of philosophy - is the historical era thinkers, united by a common principle, and extrapolating it to a limited subject area of human knowledge: religion, society, state.Some historians include a number of representatives of the school of the philosopher Xenophanes, others restrict it three followers.All the historical approaches are viable.In any case, the basis of the doctrine of the unity of being formulated by Xenophanes of Colophon, proclaiming that one - it is God governs the universe by his thought.
representatives Eleatic school of philosophy, Parmenides, Zeno and Melissa, developing the principle of unity, to explicate it in the realm of nature, thinking and belief.They were the successors of the Pythagorean doctrine, and on the basis of a critical thesis on the fundamental principle of the material world, formulated the antithesis of the common nature of being and metaphysical nature of things.This was the starting point for future schools and trends in the development of philosophy.What does "single nature"?And what is the main content, introduced each of the representatives of the school?Theses exercises
school
Eleatic school of ancient philosophy, for which category of Genesis has become the central concept of teaching formed the postulate of a static, unchanging existence.The truth of the knowledge available to the mind, in the experience formed a misconception about the properties of nature - so teaches the Eleatic school of philosophy.Parmenides introduced the concept of "Life", which has become central to the philosophical understanding of the world.
provisions formed by Zeno in his most fabled "Aporia", discover the principle of contradiction in the case of recognition of the multiplicity and variability of the world.Melissa in his treatise on the nature of all the views summarized predecessors and brought them as a dogmatic doctrine known as "elleyskogo."
Parmenides of Nature
Parmenides of Elea was of noble birth, his morality recognized the townspeople, suffice it to say that he was a legislator in his policy.This first time a representative of the Eleatic school wrote his work "On Nature".The thesis of the material foundation of the world, characteristic for the Pythagoreans, was the basis of the critical doctrine of Parmenides, and he developed the idea of unity in the various fields of knowledge.
Pythagoreans's thesis about finding a common principle in nature, Parmenides postulated antithesis of the plurality of Being and the illusory idea of the nature of things.Eleatic school of philosophy summarized in his treatise.
He was actually opened the postulate of rational knowledge of the world.The external perception of reality, according to his teaching, unreliable, limited only by individual human experience."Man is the measure of all" - a famous saying of Parmenides.It shows the limitations of personal experience and inability to reliable knowledge from personal vopriyatiya.
Zeno
Eleatic school of philosophy in the doctrine of Zeno of Elea, Parmenides received confirmation of the impossibility to comprehend the nature of change, movement and discontinuity.He brings 40 paradoxes - insoluble contradictions in natural phenomena.
Nine of these paradoxes to date are the subject of discussion and debate.The principle of dichotomy, which underlies the movement in paradoxes "Strela" does not allow the arm to catch up with the tortoise ... These paradoxes were the subject of analysis of the teachings of Aristotle.
Melissa
contemporary Zeno, a disciple of Parmenides, the ancient Greek philosopher expanded the concept of being to the level of the universe and the first to raise the question of its infinity in space and time.It is believed that he personally talked to Heraclitus.But, in contrast to the well-known materialist of ancient Greece, did not recognize the fundamental principle of the material world, he denied the category of motion and change as a basis for the emergence and destruction of material things.
«Being" in his interpretation of the eternal, has always been, from nothing arises and does not disappear.In his treatise combined views of his predecessors and left the world in a dogmatic doctrine Eleatic form.
followers Eleatic school
Eleatic school of philosophy, basic principles and concepts which the teachings of the Eleatics were the starting point, the thesis for the further development of philosophical thought.The doctrine of Parmenides of opinion represented in the dialogues of Socrates, and later became the basis for the doctrine of the school of sophistry.The idea of the separation of Being and Nothingness was the basis for the ideas of Plato.Zeno were the subject of research of the great Aristotle's consistency of thought and the impetus for writing the multi-volume "logic".
value for the history of philosophy
Eleatic school of Greek philosophy is significant for the history of the development of philosophical thought that it was her first time introduced the representatives of the central category of the philosophy of "Life", as well as methods of rational comprehension of this concept.
Known as the "father of logic", the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle later called Zeno the first dialectics.Dialectics - the science of the unity of opposites, in the XVIII got the status of the methodology of philosophical knowledge.It is thanks to the Eleatics were first raised questions about the validity of rational cognition and the unreliability of opinion based on personal judgment and perception of reality experienced.
In the later, classic period of the ratio of science of being and thinking as the basic philosophical categories has become a universal principle on which there was delineation of ontology and epistemology.
In the history of philosophical thought of asking questions more important in terms of development, the element of knowledge, rather than options to find answers to questions.Since the question always points to the limits of our capabilities, and hence the prospect of a rational search.
