Need is a state body's needs, which manifests itself in an individual depending on the objective conditions of existence and development.
classification needs
in psychological science is customary to distinguish the needs of the lower and higher order.When this is the nature of human need that the occurrence of the second category usually impossible without first meet.
example, BFLomov considered two basic groups of needs:
- base,
- derivatives.
The first group focused on material conditions and vital funds, as well as cognition, communication, work and leisure.Derivatives are divided into information needs, moral, aesthetic, and others.
In turn, VGAseev, differentiating the needs of a higher order, are the following types:
- labor,
- creative,
- communication (including the need for affiliation),
- aesthetic,
- moral,
- cognitive.
theory of motivation Maslow
best known in psychological science is considered to be a hierarchy of needs of the American psychologist Abraham Maslow (Vol. N. Maslow pyramid, 1954).The author identifies five main stages - the need for higher and lower:
- physiological (food, sleep, etc..),
- need for security,
- need for love and belonging,
- need for recognition and respect,
- needself-expression.
also some sources, this hierarchy is represented in greater detail, between the 4th and 5th stages allocated more cognitive and aesthetic needs.
primary, lower human needs, are already evident at birth.Higher formed gradually as the primary meeting, in the development of the personality of the individual.Maslow believed that the structure and the formation of needs do not depend on cultural conditions of development.
role of lower demand in society
If cultural differences, according to Maslow, do not affect the order of formation of human needs, something about the specifics of the formation itself needs so we can not say.It is not just about higher requirements, but also lower too.What is the role of the lower social needs?
Unmet need stimulates the activity of the individual, forcing him to look for opportunities to its satisfaction.So, if a person is hungry, he will take action to get food (physiological needs).For example, go to the grocery store or go to a cafe, a restaurant, and so on. D. How will this affect the development of society?By choosing certain foods, the individual thus increasing the demand for them on the public market.If you multiply this activity by the number of individuals in society who are potential consumers of food, we get the full level of demand.
Thus, answering the question about what is the role of the lower social needs, we note first of all socio-economic function.It can be implemented within the framework of other basic human needs - namely, security.For example, when paying for treatment or when placing insurance.
On the other hand, guided by the need for security, a person can make a choice in favor of a particular candidate in political elections.For example, if a candidate promises certain benefits for certain categories of citizens or plans to allocate additional funds for the fight against crime and so on.. In this case, considering the question of what kind of social role performed lower needs, we can talk about social and political functions, andt. e.
«cultural" transformation needs
In turn, the British anthropologist B. Malinowski formulates the idea that developed society creates a "cultural" answers to the biological needs of the individual.What is the role of the social needs of the lowest, according to this theory?As a major driving force of human activity, they simultaneously become sources of social development.
Malinowski distinguishes m. N.instrumental cultural establishment (imperatives), which are defined ("cultural") activities: teaching, law, development, love and others. All of them somehow become a source of realization of biological needs in society.A significant role in this case given to social institutions - such as family, education, social control, economics, belief system, and others.
American anthropologist develops the idea that each individual may need to take place in society through specific cultural transformation.The source of this process are the tradition.
Thus, the culture, the theory of Malinowski, acts as a real and spiritual system to ensure its existence and the individual can contribute to satisfying his biological needs.On the other hand, culture itself is a consequence of the impact of the data requirements for the development of the individual.Accordingly, referring to the biological needs of communication and culture, we celebrate this bilateral process.
