Methods of human anatomy.

One of the oldest and most important for people is the anatomy of Sciences.And not only that which relates directly to the person.Methods of studying the anatomy of plants and animals are also allowed to understand much of the world in the device.

Thanks to this science and its development, improvement over time, people were able to get rid of many diseases, have learned to save themselves from dangers, we realized the importance of concern for the preservation of their health.Therefore, various methods of anatomy, physiology and hygiene - is the key to understanding the processes in the body, its internal structure, without which it is impossible to positively influence and manage health, saving it.

Anatomy: general concept, the subject matter

What is the anatomy as a science?It is a discipline that deals with the study of the internal and external structure of organisms.Different methods allow us to understand the anatomy of the following.

1. as disposable organs in the body of an organism.
2. how they interact with each other, what unites them and what is their significance for the whole being as a whole.
3. What is their internal and external structure, up to mikroultrastruktur.
4. What should be the normal organs and how they change in diseases of bad habits, external and internal influences of various kinds.
5. What processes are the basis of life, and thanks to which systems and organs of living systems there.

course, not only one has been studying the anatomy of the foregoing.There is a whole range of related sciences, which together make it possible to obtain complete information.Objectives of the anatomy and physiology just boil down to, to embrace the whole range of knowledge about the living, about its structure and functioning, as well as to understand the psychological and psychosomatic processes in the human CNS.

object of study of the anatomy of a representative of a particular nature.This can be:

• people;
• animal;
• plant;
• bacteria;
• mushrooms.

We discuss it in more detail before such a creature as man, in terms of the designated discipline.

Tasks anatomy as a science

There are several basic tasks performed by the discipline.

1. Learning is not just an internal and external structure of each organism, but also relates the processes occurring in it with the age and historical changes in time.
2. Learning phylogeny, ontogeny and anthropogeny its object.
3. considers the relationship between the structure and the functioning of organs and systems together.
4. Gives assess the general state of the organism, its constitution, body parts and organs.

Thus, the problem of human anatomy in the full range of necessary knowledge.In order to solve the problems outlined, like any other science, have before us the discipline also has its secrets.Methods anatomy study are quite diverse, and they are formed over a long time.The choice was dictated by the need for knowledge of deep mechanisms of the human body.

Classification

There are several major sections, which are part of the science in question.

1. Normal anatomy.
2. Pathological.
3. Comparison.
4. Topographic.

Each of them has its own methods for the study of anatomy, as well as general, by which examines the various parameters.Together, these disciplines provide a complete characterization of the structure of the object of study, as well as its operation and development over time.

Methods of studying anatomy

There are a variety of different options research in anatomy, physiology and related sciences.After all, the man was able to look into the depths of the essence, see and explore the microstructure of the organism.The most important methods for studying the anatomy of the following.

1. Injection.
2. Corrosion method.
3. method of enlightenment.
4. Ice anatomy, or cut frozen corpses.
5. Vorobiev method, or micro-macroscopic.
6. Radiography.
7. Computed tomography.

Each of these includes a number of more subtle point, and methods of research.Together, all of these methods of anatomy and give the results that are physicians, anatomists, physiologists and other scientists in the study of people.Consider these ways of studying anatomy in detail.

method of injection-corrosion

This method is widely used anatomy.Methods of investigation of human-based administration into even the most thin capillary formations special solidifying or colored substances that allow naked eye to review the system of blood and lymph vessels.This matter may be of different nature, for example:

• plaster;
• gelatin;
• wax;
• rosin;
• celluloid and others.

Most often mass dyed different colors to give an exact image of an organ inside.With this picture of a scientist becomes available, which reflects the order of interaction between them of certain blood vessels and capillaries.

if appropriate anatomy such methods as injection, can provide material for an accurate body plaster cast.For this colored curable mass is introduced into the vessel and are hardened.After that, there are certain substances that can destroy living tissue around, but has no effect on the weight of the administered substance (eg, strong alkaline or acid).So dissolves the body, leaving only its cast, with high degree of accuracy in the reflection of its internal structure.

addition to stress corrosion under the influence of strong oxidants, and often use other substances that can cause bleaching of the different organs.These substances include:

• glycerol;
• benzene;
• cedar oil;
• benzyl;
• izozafrol and others.

That is the tissue around the mass of the introduced just become transparent, very much lighter.It also provides information on the structure and operation of the vessel.

injection is considered one of the most accurate methods of anatomy.It is most often applied in combination with post-treatment.Thus, the introduction of the mass, not permeable to gamma radiation, the body to be investigated further by X-ray.As it turns out quality image setter its integrity, the relationship with other structures.

After injection comes a time when you need to enter a potent substance capable to destroy, corrode living tissues around the frozen formulation weight.This is done to obtain a qualitative model of the structure body.This way you can remove the body of a replica of the former parts of the body, the image will be the most realistic and transferred to the smallest detail.

injecting-corrosive methods of human anatomy were first used by scientists F. Ruysch.In Russia, anatomists began to use this method later.Among the most famous local name who gave the course and development of this area, the following sounds:

• Lesgaft;
• VM Shymlanskaya;
• IV Buyalsky.

drugs by their efforts, are still used as an educational and scientific benefits, and are stored in the anatomical museum.

Objectives and methods of the anatomy are closely dependent on each other.After all, what you want to know determines how to achieve this.Look inside all bodies know what is their morphological and topographical characteristics, identify the features of the interaction with other parts of the body - this is one of the tasks of the science in question.

Corrosion method allows to solve it successfully.You can get the exact model, reflecting the structure:

• hollow organs (heart, brain ventricles);
• parenchymal organs (kidneys, liver);
• vessels macro- and microcircular bed;
• prostate.

particular importance is the penetration of it in vessels and capillaries, as using other methods is impossible.Currently, the most popular material for injection was silicone, which hardens quite long, but is less toxic than the others and does not shrink.Thus, it reflected not only the structure but also the actual size of the organ under investigation.

method enlightenment

This is one of the most exciting ways to study anatomy.Its essence is as follows.The body or part of the body is impregnated with special acid solutions that allow it to bind water and swell, becoming a jelly-like mass.At the same refractive index of the solvent and the body are equal to each other, part of the body becomes transparent.

Thus, a high-quality image of the internal environment of the body through the transparent tissue without destroying it, as, for example, when the process of corrosion.In most cases, this method is used in the nervous system and its parts and organs.

allowing you to see and identify a similar way to study?

1. topography of the location in the body.
2. Anatomical characteristics of the whole organism or its separate parts.
3. Relations organs in the body.

Obviously, previously considered to corrosion by this method has its advantages.

Ice anatomy

Tasks human anatomy and physiology are reduced to a detailed study of not only the structure, layout, and operation of an organ and the body as a whole.This requires obtaining such images, or create a model that would fully reflect the true behavior of the body in vivo.

subjected to a living person, but a full anatomical research impossible.Work at all times had the corpses.Atmospheric pressure, mechanical deformation and other factors led to a change in the location of the body after the autopsy, to its morphological and physiological changes.Therefore, for a long time it was not possible to obtain a reliable picture.

This problem was solved by Academician NI Pirogov.He proposed a method for cutting the frozen corpses.To do this, the corpse of a man previously fixed, processed and heavily frozen.And this is done as soon as possible after death, the body that has not lost its lifetime topography of organs.

After this procedure, the corpse of the ice - the perfect material for the job.You can make cuts in different directions all parts of the body and get a completely accurate image real.This method of study is far advanced the surgery.

The same scientist was offered so-called ice sculpture.Creating it is to layers with strongly frozen body to remove veils and underlying tissues up to the necessary authority.Thus, a realistic three-dimensional images are obtained on the basis of which it is possible to judge the topography, mutual arrangement and interconnection of all parts of the body together.

radiography and tomography

most modern methods of research the anatomy associated with the use of computer and electronic technologies, and closely based on the use of electromagnetic radiation.The most important of these are:

• imaging (magnetic resonance, computer);
• radiography.

tomography is a modern way, completely replacing the method of Pirogov.Through magnetic resonance or X-rays it is possible to obtain three-dimensional image of any organ of a person in a living state.That is thanks to this modern method eliminated the need to carry out research on cadavers.

Computed tomography is the use of X-rays.The method was invented in 1972 by American scientists, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize.The bottom line is a transmission capacity of tissues to X-rays.Since they themselves vary in density, then the absorption is in different degrees.So it is possible the detailed study of layering the inside of the body.

The data loaded into a computer, where they are very complicated processing, calculations based on the measurements, and returns the result.Such studies are required for the following medical indications:

• before operations;
• with severe injuries;
• brain hemorrhage;
• lung cancer;
• fainting;
• unreasonable dizziness;
• damage blood vessels and organs;
• puncture and other procedures.

Magnetic resonance imaging is based on the emission of certain electromagnetic waves in a constant magnetic field.This is caused by the excitation of the atomic nuclei, their electromagnetic response is measured, and based on indicators of conclusions.With this methods the brain, spine, vessels and other structures.

radiographic anatomy techniques based on the use of gamma radiation having unequal permeability of different tissues.When this reflected beam is recorded on a special paper or film, so it is an image of the desired organ.These methods examine:

• spine;
• abdominal organs;
• light;
• vessels;
• skeleton;
• neoplastic diseases;
• teeth;
• breasts and other parts of the body.

considered modern methods of human anatomy are universal for all living creatures and are also used in veterinary medicine.However, each of them there are a number of contraindications, which are explained by the individual characteristics of each creature, its diseases and general health.

Pathology

subject anatomy and methods should relate to each other very harmoniously, so that people can receive the most reliable result.Therefore, almost every section of anatomy has its own set of specific methods for studying human.

Thus, pathological anatomy - it is a discipline that is able to identify and explore, to find ways of combating pathologies, diseases even at the micro level, ie at the stage of cell development.The same science deals with the cause of death.For the research in the field of microstructures - cells, tissues, intracellular changes used different methods of pathological anatomy.

These include varieties.

1. autopsy - in other words it is an autopsy of the human body after his death to determine its cause.Produces her physician-pathologist.It takes samples from the body of research being carried out in the laboratory.Based on these data the doctor written opinion on the causes of death and morphological and physiological changes that are able to fix.Most often, this verdict coincides with the clinical, which puts the attending physician.However, the case and disputes are dealt with at the general anatomical and medical conferences.
2. biopsy.These methods include descriptive studies of live specimens from human, as well as collection of material from the internal organs (puncture).Unlike the previous method it lies in the fact that studies are conducted on the basis of a living organism.
3. immunohistochemical techniques are deep study processes inside the cell, its protein composition, membership of a particular type of tissue.These methods are very important for the modern diagnosis of cancer.
4. Electron microscopy - the use of the equipment are very high resolution, which allows you to explore even ultramikrostruktury any organ and cells.
5. in situ hybridization.This method is based upon work with detection of nucleic acids.In this way, to obtain information about the pathological processes that are latent or hidden.Diagnosed hepatitis, AIDS, herpes and other ailments.