Exact Sciences has long been appreciated by mankind.For example, the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid has made such an important contribution in this area that some of his findings are still being studied in school.Discovery belong to both women and men, people from different countries and representatives of different centuries.What are the most significant figures?Let us examine in detail.
Ada Lovelace
not the last role played by the English.Women in Mathematics may not be so numerous, but their contribution is often a fundamental.This directly relates to the work of Ada Lovelace.The daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron, she was born in December of 1815.Since childhood, she showed talent for mathematics, quickly grasping any new topic.However, traditionally feminine talents also featured Ada - it is perfectly played music, and in general was very refined lady.Together with Charles Babbage, she worked on the development of an arithmetic program for computers.On the cover of the total works were only her initials - female mathematics at that time was something indecent.Today, it is believed that its invention was the first step towards the creation of mankind in the computer programming languages.It was Ada Lovelace belong to the concept of the cycle, distributing cards, a lot of amazing algorithms and computing.Even now, her works are distinguished by a level worthy of vocational school graduates.
Emmy Noether
Another noteworthy scientist was born in the family mathematician Max Noether in Erlangen.At the time of its arrival the girls were allowed to go to university, and it was officially credited with a number of students.She studied at the Paul Gordan, he also helped Emmy defended his thesis on the theory of invariants.In 1915 Noether made a significant contribution to the work on the general theory of relativity.Her calculations were delighted Albert Einstein himself.The famous mathematician Hilbert wanted to make it an assistant professor, University of Gottingen, but the prejudices of professors were not allowed to receive an Emmy positions.However, she often lectured.In 1919, it still was able to get a well-deserved place in 1922 and became a tenured professor.It Noether directing abstract algebra.Emmy contemporaries remembered how amazing intelligent and charming woman.Conversation with her were leading specialists, including Russian scientists and mathematicians.Her work has an impact on the science of today.
Nikolai Lobachevsky
first scientists and mathematicians often achieved such success that their value is much in modern science.This is true for Nikolai Lobachevsky.From 1802 to 1807 he studied in high school, and then enrolled at the Kazan university, where he was noted for extraordinary knowledge of physics and mathematics, and in 1811 he received a master's level and began to prepare to receive the title of professor.In 1826 th he wrote a work on the principles of geometry, which revolutionized the concepts of space.In 1827 he became rector of the university.Over the years, created a series of works on mathematical analysis of mechanics and physics, the study of algebra raised to another level.Moreover, his ideas influenced even on Russian art - Lobachevsky visible traces in the works of Malevich and Khlebnikov.
Henri Poincare
In the early twentieth century, many scientists and mathematicians worked on the theory of relativity.One of them was Henri Poincare.His idealism is not frowned upon in Soviet times, so Russian scientists have used his theory only in special works - without them it was impossible to seriously engage in the study of mathematics, physics and astronomy.At the end of the nineteenth century, Henri Poincaré developed the theory of System Dynamics and topology.Over time, his work became the basis for the study of bifurcation points, disasters, demographic and macroeconomic processes.Interestingly, Poincare himself acknowledged the limitations of scientific knowledge of the algorithm and even devoted a philosophical book.In addition, he published an article in which first used the principle of relativity - ten years before Einstein.
Sofia Kovalevskaya
Few Russian women scientists in the field of mathematics presented in the story.Sofia Kovalevskaya was born in January 1850.She was not only a mathematician, but also a publicist and the first lady, who became a corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences.Mathematician chose it without objection.Since 1869, she studied in Heidelberg and in 1874 introduced th scientific community the three work, which resulted in Göttingen university awarded her the title of Doctor of Philosophy.However, in Russia it has failed to receive the place in the university.In 1888, he wrote a work of a solid, for which he won the Swedish Academy of Sciences.It is also engaged in literary work - it is the author of the novel "Nihilist" and the drama "The struggle for happiness", as well as a family chronicle "Memories of Childhood", written about the life of the late nineteenth century.
Evariste Galois
French scientists and mathematicians made many important discoveries in the field of algebra and geometry.One of the leading experts became Evariste Galois, who was born in October of 1811 near Paris.As a result of diligent preparation entered the Lycée Louis-le-Grand.Already in 1828 he published his first work, which covered the subject of periodic continued fractions.In 1830 he was admitted to the Normal School, but a year later he was expelled for misconduct.A talented scientist and started his revolutionary activities in 1832 have ended his days.He left a will contain the basics of modern algebra and geometry, as well as the classification of irrationalities - this doctrine was named in honor of Galois.
Pierre Fermat
some outstanding mathematicians have left a significant mark, that their work is still being studied.Fermat's theorem for a long time remained unproven, racking up the best minds.And this despite the fact that Pierre worked in the seventeenth century.He was born in August 1601, in the family trade consul.In addition to the exact sciences, Farm knew languages - Latin, Greek, Spanish, Italian, and was famous as a great historian of antiquity.His profession he chose the law at all.In Orleans, he received a bachelor's degree, after which he moved to Toulouse, where he became adviser to Parliament.Throughout his life, he wrote mathematical treatises, which became the basis of analytical geometry.But all the contributions made by them was evaluated only after his death - before any work has not been published.The most significant works are devoted to mathematical analysis, methods of calculating the areas, the highest and lowest values, curves and parabolas.
Carl Gauss
Not all scientists, mathematicians, and their discovery so memorable in the history of mankind as Gauss.The German leader was born in April 1777.Even as a child showed his prodigious talent in mathematics, and by the beginning of the nineteenth century was a recognized scholar and a corresponding member of several Academies of Sciences.Created fundamental work on the theory of numbers and higher algebra.The main contribution - to the task of constructing heptadecagon, based on it, Gauss began to develop an algorithm for computing the orbit of the planet in a few observations.The fundamental work "The Theory of Celestial Bodies" became the basis for modern astronomy.Its named territory on the map of the moon.
Karl Weierstrass
This German mathematician born in Ostenfeld.Educated at the Faculty of Law, but years of training preferred to study mathematics.In 1840 he wrote a paper on the elliptic functions.It has traced his revolutionary discoveries.The strict doctrine Weierstrass was the basis of mathematical analysis.Since 1842 the teacher's work, and in his spare time doing research.In 1854 he published an article on Abelian functions and received a doctorate Kenigsberskogo University.Leading scientists have published rave reviews about it.In the 1856 m world saw another brilliant article, then the Weierstrass accepted into professor at Berlin University, and made him a member of the Academy of Sciences.The impressive quality of the lectures made him famous all over the world.He introduced the theory of real numbers, solved many problems of mechanics and geometry.In 1897, he died from complications of influenza.It is named after the lunar crater and modern Berlin Mathematics Institute.Weierstrass is still known as one of the most gifted teachers in the history of Germany and the world.
Jean Baptiste Fourier
name of the scientist well known throughout the world.Fourier was a professor of the Paris Polytechnic School.In the time of Napoleon participated in military campaigns, and after he was appointed prefect of the Isere, where he engaged in revolutionary theory in physics - began to study heat.From 1816 he was a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences and published his work.It was dedicated to the analytical theory of heat.Until his death in May 1830 had also published a study on the thermal conductivity, the calculation of the roots of algebraic equations and methods of Isaac Newton.In addition, he developed a method of representation of functions as a trigonometric series.He is now known as Fourier.The scientist was able to improve the performance of functions by means of integral - this technique is also widely used in modern science.Fourier was able to prove that any arbitrary line can represent a single analytic expression.In 1823 he opened the result with the thermoelectric properties of superposition.Name Jean-Baptiste Fourier is associated with a variety of theories and discoveries are important for every modern mathematics or physics.
