spacecraft in all its diversity - both pride and concern for humanity.Their creation was preceded by a long history of development of science and technology.Space Age, allowing people from looking at the world in which they live, propelled us to a new stage of development.Rocket in space today - it's not a dream, and the subject concerns highly qualified specialists, which faces the task of improving existing technologies.On what types of space vehicles emit and how they differ from each other, will be discussed in the article.
Determination
Spacecraft - generic name for any device intended for use in space.There are several ways to classify them.In the simplest case isolated spacecraft manned and unmanned.The first, in turn, divided into space ships and stations.Different in their capabilities and purposes, they are similar in many respects in structure and equipment used.
Features flight
Any spacecraft after launch takes place in three main stages: injection into orbit, the actual flight and landing.The first stage involves the development of the machine speed required to reach outer space.In order to get into orbit, its value should be 7.9 km / s.Full overcome Earth's gravity involves the development of the escape velocity equal to 11.2 km / s.That's what moves rocket into space, when its purpose is to remove portions of the space of the universe.
After his release from the attraction should be the second stage.During the orbital flight of the spacecraft going by inertia due to acceleration gives them.Finally, the landing stage assumes a reduction in the speed of the ship, or a satellite station to almost zero.
«Filling»
Each spacecraft is equipped with facilities to match the tasks which it is intended to solve.However, the main difference is due to the so-called target equipment necessary just to get the data, and various research.The rest of the equipment at the spacecraft similar.It includes the following systems:
- power supply - often supply the necessary energy for spacecraft solar or radioisotope batteries, chemical batteries, nuclear reactors;
- communication - it is carried out using radio-wave signal with a significant distance from the Earth is particularly important is the precise pointing of the antenna;
- livelihood - the system is characteristic for manned spacecraft, it becomes possible thanks to the presence of people on board;
- orientation - like any other ships, space equipped for continuous determination of its own position in space;
- movement - the engines of spacecraft allow you to make changes in the speed of flight, as well as its direction.
Classification
One of the main criteria for the separation of spacecraft types - this mode of operation, defining their capabilities.On this basis allocate devices:
- staying in a geocentric orbit, or satellites;
- those whose purpose is the study of the remote areas of space - space probes;
- used to transport people and cargo into orbit required of our planet, they are called the spacecraft can be automated or manned;
- designed for people staying in space for a long period - is the orbital station;
- engaged in the delivery of goods and people to orbit the planet's surface, they are called by the landing;
- can explore the planet, settling directly on the surface and move around on it - is Planetary.
dwell on some types.
satellites (satellites)
first spacecraft launched into space were satellites.Physics and its laws make removal of any such devices into orbit a challenge.Each machine must overcome the pull of the planet and then not fall on it.To do this, you must move the satellite at orbital speed or slightly faster.Over our planet conditional release lower limit of the possible location of the satellites (it takes place at an altitude of 300 km).Closer placement will lead to a fairly rapid braking apparatus under atmospheric conditions.
initially only launch vehicles could be delivered into orbit satellites.Physics, however, does not stand still, and today, new ways.So, one of the commonly used methods in recent years - starting with the board of another satellite.The plans to use other options.
orbits of satellites orbiting the Earth, may lie at different heights.Naturally, this depends on the time required for one round.The satellites, orbital period is equal to day, placed on the so-called geostationary orbit.It is considered the most valuable because the devices that are on it, for the terrestrial observer seem fixed, and therefore, there is no need to create mechanisms for turning the antennas.
AMR (automatic interplanetary station)
huge number of information about the various objects in the solar system, scientists are produced by spacecraft sent beyond the geocentric orbit.Objects AMC - that planets and asteroids, and comets, galaxies and even available for observation.Tasks are put to such devices require great knowledge and effort of engineers and researchers.AMC Mission is the embodiment of technological progress and at the same time it is an incentive.
manned spacecraft
devices started to deliver people to the intended purpose and return them back in terms of technology does not concede described species.It refers to this type of "Vostok-1", which made its flight Yuri Gagarin.
The biggest challenge for the creators of a manned spacecraft - the security of the crew during the return to Earth.Also, a significant part of these devices is the emergency rescue system, which may be necessary during launch spacecraft into space with the help of the carrier rocket.
spacecraft, like the entire space program, constantly improving.Recently, the media could often see reports on the activities of the probe "Rosetta" and lander "Philae".They represent the latest achievements in space ship, calculate the motion of the device, and so on.Planting probe "Fila" comet is considered an event comparable to the flight of Gagarin.The most interesting is that this is not the end of humanity opportunities.We are still waiting for new discoveries and achievements in terms of both space exploration and the structure of the aircraft.
